Sulfur compounds in transportation fuels

There are three major types of transportation fuels gasoline, diesel and jet fuels that differ in composition and properties. The common types of sulfin compounds in liquid fuels are listed below. 

Diesel Blendstock Naphtha Light Distillate Heavy Distillate Light Gas Oil All Boiling Fractions Combined 

C Indicating properties that were not reported in the refiner survey. These values were calculated by EPA using the reported sulfur contents of like boiling fractions in other diesel blendstocks by assuming the same relative sulfur levels between boiling fractions. Source EPA, EPA420-R-00-026,2000. 

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The common types of sulfur compounds in transportation fuels are listed in Table 14.4 (Song, 2002a, 2003). 

Cl , and n, may also be used as mediators in the ECDS process (Lam et al., 2012). Thiophene, benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT), 4-MDBT, and 4,6-DMDBT have attracted much attention in the exploration of the complicated mechanisms and methods for decomposing sulfur compounds in transportation fuels using ECDS. 

As in the US, member nations of the European Community will introduce further specifications for transportation fuels over the next few years. Besides other components, the sulfur content of transportation fuels and gasoline in particular will be limited.FCC gasoline can contribute up to 90% of the sulfur in the gasoline pool. The parameters thatcontrol the sulfur levels in gasoline have been described by various authors in the past. The main determinant of sulfur levels in the FCC gasoline is the feedstock. Researchers found that the reactions that converted the feed sulfur compounds in the FCCU were kinetically controlled and were dominated more by catalyst contact time than by catalyst-to-oil ratio [1]. 

Generally, gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel are the three major types of transportation fuels (Song, 2002a), and they have different types and sizes of sulfur molecules with different reactivities to HDS catalysis. In Table 14.3, from top to bottom, the difficulty of reactivity of various organic sulfur compounds in HDS increases in size. 

Table 14.5 Different alkylated polycyclic sulfur compounds and their Isomers In transportation fuels...

The new challenge is to nse adsorption to selectively remove these sulfur compounds from transportation fnels (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels). Since adsorption would be accomplished at ambient temperature and pressure, success in this... 

Organic sulfur compounds are present in gasoline and diesel. With the increased emphasis on the requirement for more environmentally friendly transportation fuels [1], oxidative desulfurization, using H202 and redox-molecular sieves [2,5,6,7], has been studied and shown to significantly reduce the sulfur content of gasoline and diesel. The reaction of thiophene and its derivatives were successfully converted to oxidized compounds, but the identification of oxidized compounds was not simple because the concentrations of individual sulfur compounds were low. Most of the previous literature has reported sulfone formation. 

Most commercial Fischer-Tropsch refinery designs (Figures 18.1 to 18.9) included the co-production of chemicals with transportation fuels. The chemicals potential of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude has been pointed out repeatedly.38,47,65 66 This is a natural consequence of the properties of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude, that is, richness in linear hydrocarbons, olefins (especially linear a-olefins), and oxygenates. Furthermore, it is sulfur-free and nitrogen-free, which enables access to synthetic routes sensitive to such compounds. 

Coal gasification is a process that converts coal from a solid to a gaseous fuel through partial oxidation. Once the fuel is in the gaseous state, undesirable substances, such as sulfur compounds and coal ash, may be removed from the gas. The net result is a clean, transportable gaseous energy source. 

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