Plant sulfolipid

The sugar sulfonic acid is l-0-(6-deoxy-6-sulfo-a-D-glucopyranosyl)-glycerol isolated from a plant sulfolipid.46 The plant sulfolipid... 

Glycolipids are important constituents of the plasma membranes, of the endoplasmic reticulum, and of chloroplasts. The cerebrosides and their sulfate esters, the sulfatides, are especially abundant in myelin. In plant membranes, the predominant lipids are the galactosyl diglycerides.29 74 The previously described ether phospholipids (archaebacteria), ceramide arnino-ethylphosphonate (invertebrates), and sulfolipid (chloroplasts) are also important membrane components. 

Figure 21-3 Major pathways of synthesis of fatty acids and glycerolipids in the green plant Arabidopsis. The major site of fatty acid synthesis is chloroplasts. Most is exported to the cytosol as oleic acid (18 1). After conversion to its coenzyme A derivative it is converted to phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Desaturation also occurs, and some linoleic and linolenic acids are returned to the chloroplasts. See text also. From Sommerville and Browse.106 See also Figs. 21-4 and 21-5. Other abbreviations monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGD), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGD), sulfolipid (SL), glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), acyl carrier protein (ACP), cytidine diphosphate-DAG (CDP-DAG).

The photosynthetic membranes of higher plant chloroplasts have an unusual lipid composition 60 - 80 % galactolipids (MGDG, DGDG), approx. 10 % sulfolipid (SQDG), approx. 10 % (trans 16 3) phosphatidyl-glycerol (PG), 5 - 10 % phosphatidylcholines (PC) and hardly or no... 

Although most attention has been directed toward the analysis of leaves or storage tissues, data are available for other plant tissues such as roots and shoots. In general, the high linolenic acid content of leaves is replaced by linoleic acid in roots. In addition, phosphatidylcholine becomes relatively more abundant as the contribution toward total acyl lipids made by the chloroplastic galactosylglycerolipids, sulfolipid, and phosphatidylglyc-erol declines. A few representative papers are those by Body (1974), Cher-rad et al. (1974), Jarvis and Duncan (1974), and Sukhija et al., (1976). 

Bieleski (1972) compared phosphate-deficient S. oligorhiza (Kurz) He-gelm. and controls in phospholipid synthesis from Pi. The major labeled lipid in both cases was PC, but the phosphate-deficient culture showed greatly diminished labeling of PG and PI. Tevini (1971) has measured the effect of phosphate deficiency on phospholipid content in Impatiens balsa-mina and H. vulgare. While chlorophylls a and b, galactosyldiglycerides, and sulfolipid are normal in phosphorus-deficient plants, all phospholipids are 30 or 70% of the control in Impatiens and Horedeum, respectively. 

Plant tissues are capable of, at least, partial catabolism of sulfolipid. In some interesting experiments with Chlorella protothecoides, Shibuya and Hase (1965) examined the labeling of sulfolipid and sulfoquinovosylglycerol with under conditions which produced green or etiolated cells. Al-... 

Their results, however, have important implications in emphasizing the caution which must be exercised when fatty acid compositions are assumed on the basis of quantification at a particular development period. More dramatic differences in the fatty acid data were found by Kuiper and Stuiver (1972) in a study of drought tolerance and earliness in spring. They noted the presence of large amounts (80% of total acids) of long-chain cyclopropane fatty acids in sulfolipid of early spring cow parsley. The cyclopropane acids disappeared by May. These authors suggested that these unusual compositions may be related to the ability of plants to withstand extreme conditions. 

Shimojima, M. et al. (2005) Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase moonlights in plant sulfolipid biosynthesis by fotming a complex with SQDl. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 436, 206-214... 

A characteristic fragment ion at mh 225 corresponding to a dehydrosulfoglyco-syl anion. (Thus, PIS of this ion in the negative-ion mode can be used to profile all sulfolipid species present in lipid extracts of plant samples as demonstrated previously [7]). 

Fisher W.E., Heinz E. and Zeuz M. The suitability of lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus (Delamar) for analysis of fatty acid distribution in dUiexosyl deglycerides, phospholipids and plant sulfolipids. Hoppe-Seyler s Z. Physiol. Chem. 1973 354 1115-23. 

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