Sulfides stereochemistry

The copper(I) ion, electronic stmcture [Ar]3t/ , is diamagnetic and colorless. Certain compounds such as cuprous oxide [1317-39-1] or cuprous sulfide [22205-45 ] are iatensely colored, however, because of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer bands. Copper(I) is isoelectronic with ziac(II) and has similar stereochemistry. The preferred configuration is tetrahedral. Liaear and trigonal planar stmctures are not uncommon, ia part because the stereochemistry about the metal is determined by steric as well as electronic requirements of the ligands (see Coordination compounds). 

Electrophilic attack on the sulfur atom of thiiranes by alkyl halides does not give thiiranium salts but rather products derived from attack of the halide ion on the intermediate cyclic salt (B-81MI50602). Treatment of a s-2,3-dimethylthiirane with methyl iodide yields cis-2-butene by two possible mechanisms (Scheme 31). A stereoselective isomerization of alkenes is accomplished by conversion to a thiirane of opposite stereochemistry followed by desulfurization by methyl iodide (75TL2709). Treatment of thiiranes with alkyl chlorides and bromides gives 2-chloro- or 2-bromo-ethyl sulfides (Scheme 32). Intramolecular alkylation of the sulfur atom of a thiirane may occur if the geometry is favorable the intermediate sulfonium ions are unstable to nucleophilic attack and rearrangement may occur (Scheme 33). 

The smooth intramolecular nucleophilic displacement of biphenyl carboxylic acids leading to benzocoumarins (See Section II.A.) inspired also investigation of the behavior of similar diphenyl ether, diphenyl sulfide and A-methyldiphenyl amine derivatives 458 under similar conditions. However, all these attempts to achieve cyclization to tricyclic compounds 459 were unsuccessful, probably due to the unfavorable stereochemistry for the formation of the required seven-mem-bered transition states and also to the presence of the deactivating bridge groups X (Eq. 42) [68JCS(C)1030]. 

MLTC bands, S, 575 NMR.5,574 Raman, 5, 575 stereochemistry, 5,538-572 stibine ligands, S, 584 sulfides, S, 584 sulfurdiimine reactivity, 2,194 sulfur dioxide, 5,584 sulfur ligands, 5,584 synthesis, 5,536-538... 

Thia-[2,3]-Wittig sigmatropic rearrangement of lithiated carbanions 47, obtained by deprotonation of the S-allylic sulfides 46, affords the thiols 48 or their alkylated derivatives 49. The corresponding sulfonium ylides 51, prepared by deprotonation of the sulfonium salts 50 also undergoes a [2,3]-sigmatropic shift leading to the same sulfides 49 [36,38] (Scheme 13). As far as stereochemistry is concerned, with crotyl (R R =H,R =Me) and cinnamyl (R, R =H,R =Ph) derivatives, it has been shown that the diastereoselectivity depends on the nature of the R substituent and on the use of a carbanion or an ylide as intermediate. 

When an optically active sulfoxide is used, the sulfimide is found to be of retained configuration. The mechanism shown in (145) has been proposed for the reaction with the sulfoxide (Maricich and Hoffman, 1974). It accounts satisfactorily for the fact that small amounts of dialkyl sulfide and arenesulfonamide are also formed in the reaction. As discussed in detail by Maricich and Hoffman, it is also consistent with the stereochemistry observed for formation of the sulfimide. 

The first attempts to develop reactions offering control over the absolute stereochemistry of a chiral center, created by y-selective substitution of an achiral allylic alcohol-derived substrate, involved the use of chiral auxiliaries incorporated in the nucleofuge. The types of stereodirecting groups utilized vary, and have included sulfoximines [15], carbamates [16], and chiral heterocyclic sulfides [17-19]. 

Lanthionine is a dicarboxylic diamino acid possessing two stereocenters. However, because of the symmetry of the molecule there exist only three stereoisomers. Thus, with respect to lanthionine stereochemistry, one must differentiate between the 2/ ,6/ -lanthionine (L-lan-thionine), 25,65-lanthionine (D-lanthionine) and 25,67 -lanthionine (meso-lanthionine, d,l-lanthionine) (1) the latter is the naturally occurring stereoisomer of lanthionine isolated from lantibiotics. However, care must be taken when determining and assigning the stereochemistry of lanthionine residues present within peptide sequences. For naturally occurring lanthionine peptides the sulfide amino acid Lan within the peptide is no longer symmetrical and, in the majority of cases, it has been shown to be present as 25,67 -lan-thionine. 

In alkyllithium initiated, solution polymerization of dienes, some polymerization conditions affect the configurations more than others. In general, the stereochemistry of polybutadiene and polyisoprene respond to the same variables Thus, solvent has a profound influence on the stereochemistry of polydienes when initiated with alkyllithium. Polymerization of isoprene in nonpolar solvents results largely in cis-unsaturation (70-90 percent) whereas in the case of butadiene, the polymer exhibits about equal amounts of cis- and trans-unsaturation. Aromatic solvents such as toluene tend to increase the 1,2 or 3,4 linkages. Polymers prepared in the presence of active polar compounds such as ethers, tertiary amines or sulfides show increased 1,2 (or 3,4 in the case of isoprene) and trans unsaturation.4. 1P U It appears that the solvent influences the ionic character of the propagating ion pair which in turn determines the stereochemistry. 

Treatment of bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide (8) with bromine in anhydrous dichloromethane at - 78°C followed by addition of 1,2-disubstituted alkenes (9) to the reaction mixture at the same temperature gave the thiiranes (10) in about 30% yields (Scheme 5) (88TL4177). This synthesis is (i) highly selective, since only 1,2-disubstituted alkenes undergo the transformation to thiiranes and (ii) stereospecific since the stereochemistry of the alkene is retained in the thiirane. The nature of the reagents suggests that the silyl subsituted sulfenyl bromide (11), formed by attack of bromine on (8), is an intermediate. 

Table 1 shows the two dihydrothiopyrans, and the two corresponding benzo fused systems. The monocycles (5,6-dihydro-2//- thiin and 3,4-dihydro-2iT-thiin) are quite clearly from their chemistry an allylic sulfide and an enol sulfide respectively, and in many of the reactions they exhibit they are perfectly comparable with acyclic counterparts. Once again, as for the tetrahydrothiopyrans, in many cases the principal chemical interest is related to the effects of preferred conformations on the stereochemistry of particular conversions, but this will not be discussed in great length as it is entirely predictable from classical alicyclic work. Where differences exist they may be attributed to the interaction of the heteroatom with the neighbouring alkene, which is not too considerable, and more importantly the reactivity of the sulfur atom in its own right. The benzo fused compounds, of course, have their own particular chemistry which has received considerable attention over many years, some of which will be discussed. 

---