Sucrose sugars

Glucose Isomeriza.tion, Enzymatic isomerization of glucose to fmctose provides a real alternative to sugar (sucrose) derived from sugarcane or sugarbeets. The commercial product obtained is known as high fmctose com symp (HECS). Two grades of the symp have become estabUshed on the world market, HECS-42 and HECS-55, which contain 42 and 55% fmctose on dry substance basis. These products account for over one-third of the caloric sweetener market ia the United States. 

The most familiar of all the carbohydrates is sucrose—common table sugar. Sucrose is a disacchar ide in which D-glucose and D-fructose are joined at then anomeric carbons by a glycosidic bond (Figure 25.7). Its chemical composition is the same ine-spective of its source sucrose from cane and sucrose from sugar beets are chemically identical. Because sucrose does not have a free anomeric hydroxyl group, it does not undergo mutarotation. 

Rohrzucker, m. cane sugar, sucrose, -sait, m. cane juice, -verbindung, /. cane-sugar compound, sucrate. 

Sucralose is the sugar sucrose with three of the hydroxyl groups replaced by chlorine atoms. In the process, the stereochemistry of the glucose half of the molecule is changed, making it more like galactose. 

Some disaccharides serve as soluble energy sources for animals and plants, whereas others are important because they are intermediates in the decomposition of polysaccharides. A major energy source for humans is sucrose, which is common table sugar. Sucrose contains a-glucose linked to j6-fructose. About 80 million tons of sucrose are produced each year. Of that, 60% comes from sugar cane and 40% comes from sugar beets. Example treats a disaccharide that is an energy source for insects. 

Sugar (sucrose) is obtained from either sugar beets or sugarcane. Sugar beets are traditionally diffused with water to extract the sugar from the pulp. The sugar is then crystallized, mechanically separated, and washed to produce white sugar. 

I Sugars (sucrose, glucose, mannose) Surface tension increase Inert Good stabilizers of globular proteins and assembled organelles... 

A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of table salt (sodium chloride), and 15.0 g of cane sugar (sucrose) in 500.0 g of water. Calculate the mass percent of the table salt in the solution. 

Summary A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent is the substance that acts as the dissolving medium and is normally present in the greatest amount. Commonly the solvent is a liquid, but it doesn t have to be. Our atmosphere is a solution with nitrogen as the solvent it is the gas present in the largest amount (79%). Many times you will be dealing with a solution in which water is the solvent, an aqueous solution. The solute is the substance that the solvent dissolves and is normally present in the smaller amount. You may have more than one solute in a solution. For example, if you dissolved table salt (sodium chloride) and table sugar (sucrose) in water, you would have one solvent (water) and two solutes (sodium chloride and sucrose). 

Glucose is the simplest carbohydrate. It is found in grapes and corn syrup. Fructose gives fruit its sweet taste. A condensation reaction between glucose and fructose produces sucrose, commonly called table sugar. Sucrose is found in sugar cane and sugar beets. 

Fructose is found in honey and fruit and as part of the disaccharide sucrose (common table sugar). Sucrose is hydrolyzed by intestinal brush border sucrase, and the resulting monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, are absorbed into the portal blood. The liver phosphorylates frurtose and cleaves it into glyceraldehyde and DHAP. Smaller amounts are metabolized in renal proximal tubules. The pathway is shown in Figure 1-12-7 important enzymes to remember are ... 

Carbohydrates serve as a general and easily available energy source. In the diet, they are present as monosaccharides in honey and fruit, or as disaccharides in milk and in all foods sweetened with sugar (sucrose). Meta-bolically usable polysaccharides are found in vegetable products (starch) and animal products (glycogen). Carbohydrates represent a substantial proportion of the body s energy supply, but they are not essential. 

C. Fructose, present in honey and in table sugar (sucrose) as a disaccharide with... 

Hydrolysis is very important in biochemical reactions and refers to a reaction in which a substance reacts with water causing the substance to break into two products. The structure of common table sugar, sucrose, is shown in Figure 16.5. 

Common table sugar, sucrose, is a disaccharide composed of a hexose form of glucose bonded to a pentose form of fructose. 

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