Sugar moieties, characterization

Neutral gangliolipids from Thermoplasma acidophilum were separated by PTLC, and their tentative structures were characterized by the combination of GC, H-NMR, and FAB-mass spectrometries [91]. The lipophilic portion of the neutral glycolipid was composed of caldarchaeol (dibiphytanyl-diglycerol tetraether), and the sugar moieties of the glycolipids were composed of glucose. 

The macrolides are a group of closely related compounds characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring (usually containing 14 or 16 atoms) to which deoxy sugars are attached. The prototype drug, erythromycin, which consists of two sugar moieties attached to a 14-atom lactone ring, was obtained in 1952 from Streptomyces erythreus. Clarithromycin and azithromycin are semisynthetic derivatives of erythromycin. 

Despite the current problems concerning RNA at the origin of life—in particular, the origin of the first RNA molecules and enzyme-free replication—the idea of an RNA world turned out to be a very useful concept. It initiated the search for molecular templates and created an entirely new field which may be characterized as template chemistry (Orgel, 1992). A series of systematic studies were performed, for example, on the properties of nucleic acids with modified sugar moieties (Eschenmoser, 1993). This studies revealed the special role of ribose and... 

Arts IC, Sesink AL, Faassen-Peters M, Hollman PC (2004) The type of sugar moiety is a major determinant of the small intestinal uptake and subsequent biliary excretion of dietary quercetin glycosides. Br J Nutr 91 841-847 Berggren S, Hoogstraate J, Fagerholm U, Lennemas H (2004) Characterization of jejunal absorption and apical efflux of ropivacaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine in the rat using in situ and in vitro absorption models. Eur J Pharm Sd 21 553-560... 

The bands between 1000 and 800 cm are mainly attributed to the vibrational modes of the sugar moieties and of the phosphodiester backbone. Some of the most important IR marker bands and Raman marker lines which make it possible to characterize the helical type of nucleic acids are found in this region (Sec. 4.7.1.3). 

The anthracycline antibiotic drugs approved for antitumour drug therapy include doxorubicin (adriamycin), epirubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, and aclarubicin. These drug substances are structurally similar and characterized by a tetracyclic aglycone linked to amino sugar moieties. Particularly in solutions, the anthracyclines are photolabile. The formation of inactive aglyconesand polymeric substances as a result of the irradiation of anthracycline solutions has been reported. 

Py-MS with chemical ionization (using NH3 as collision gas) was utilized for the characterization of the sugar moiety of these compounds. 

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