Sugar description

R. North, "Add a Pkich of Burnt Sugar for Color," CannerPacker, May 1969. A description of caramel and how it is made and used. 

Depending on the circumstances, seemingly descriptive marks when taken as a whole might constitute only suggestive terms. A 1968 decision of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals is illustrative. Sugar and Spice was held registrable for bakery goods. The court stated ... 

Manna sugar mannite D-mannitol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexanehexol Description... 

The compound is named as a substituted derivative of a deoxy sugar. The group replacing OH determines the configurational description. Any potential ambiguity should be dealt with by the alternative use of the R,S system to specify the modified stereocentre. 

Norbert Rillieux. Rillieux s Sugar Machinery. De Bow s Review. V (1848) 291-293. His own description of his process. 

Palm and co-workers, as part of their research regarding the applicability of PSA, selected 20 compounds (Table 16.1) with quite reliable values for the percent fraction absorbed (%FA) in humans that were devoid of, or compensated for, problems such as active transport and efflux mechanisms [2]. The dataset consists of a variety of compounds drugs, drug-like compounds, as well as sugar-like structures. A number of studies based on this dataset using various structural descriptions have been performed [2, 17-22],... 

A new NMR method for the determination of the anomeric configuration in mono- and disaccharides has been described.18 The protocol is based on the different cross-correlated relaxation between proton chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and dipolar relaxation for the a and (3 anomers of sugars. Only the ot-anomers show the presence of CSA (HI or Hl )-proton dipole (H1-H2 or Hl -H2 ) in the longitudinal relaxation of the anomeric protons. The method is of special interest for cases in which vicinal coupling constants between HI and H2 in both anomers a and (3 are similar and small, such as D-mannose, and the non-ambiguous description of the anomeric configuration needs additional measurements. 

Although the polyhydric alcohols derived from sugars have been the subject of numerous investigations over many years, the inner ethers or anhydrides of these substances have been for the most part neglected, despite the fact that many of them were isolated and some description of their properties recorded before the advent of the twentieth century. In recent years, however, the anhydrides of polyhydric alcohols derived from sugars have received marked attention in several countries. Some indeed have achieved importance in chemical industry. Most interest has been centered on the anhydrides of pentitols and hexitols and this article will be restricted to a discussion of the chemistry of these substances. 

While the broad mission of the National Bureau of Standards was concerned with standard reference materials, Dr. Isbell centered the work of his laboratory on his long interest in the carbohydrates and on the use of physical methods in their characterization. Infrared spectroscopy had shown promise in providing structural and conformational information on carbohydrates and their derivatives, and Isbell invited Tipson to conduct detailed infrared studies on the extensive collection of carbohydrate samples maintained by Isbell. The series of publications that rapidly resulted furnished a basis for assigning conformations to pyranoid sugars and their derivatives. Although this work was later to be overshadowed by application of the much more powerful technique of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the Isbell— Tipson work helped to define the molecular shapes involved and the terminology required for their description. 

Each new double helix is comprised of one strand that was part of the original molecule and one strand that is newly synthesized. Not surprisingly, this is a very simplistic description of a quite complex process, catalysed by enzymes known as DNA polymerases. The precursors for synthesis of the new chain are the nucleoside triphosphates, dATP, dGTP, dTTP, and dCTP. We have already met ATP when we considered anhydrides of phosphoric acid (see Box 7.25) these compounds are analogues of ATP, though the sugar is deoxyribose rather than ribose. 

Instantisation, in which the fluidized bed is responsible for a significant change to the structure and size of the granules, should not be confused with the use of an integrated fluidized bed drier immediately following spray drying. There are many descriptions in the literature of such processes a recent example of a novel application of this technique (Jha et al, 2002) is in the production of a shelf-stable powdered kheer mix, an Indian dessert which consists of a sweetened mixture of cooked partially concentrated milk and rice flour. This is spray dried, the particles are then dried in a fluidized bed and finally dry blended with sugar. 

C. Altona and M. Sundaralingam, Conformational analysis of die sugar ring in nucleosides and nucleotides. New description using the concept of pseudorotation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94 (1972) 8205-8212. 

This type of autocatalytic reaction is a simplification of many biological reactions such as fermentation, where the reaction produces products (species B in the previous example), which accelerates the rate. In fermentation, yeast cells in the solution produce enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of sugar to produce ethanol as a byproduct of yeast reproduction. Since the yeast population increases as the reaction proceeds, the enzyme concentration increases, and the process appears to be autocatalytic. A highly simplified description of fermentation might be... 

AH-B theory, description, 28 Alanyl-containing 0-aminoacyl sugars, taste variation, 164r Alcohol fermentation, koji autolytical, 206/207... 

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