Sugar-derived acids, annual

TABLE 2.1 Annual Production Volume and Prices of Simple Sugars and Sugar-Derived Alcohols and Acids as Compared to Some Petrochemically Derived Basic Chemicals and Solvents... 

Phenol-formaldehyde resins are among the most important polymeric adhesives used in the wood based composite panel manufacturing industries [1]. Phenolic resins are prepared by the reaction of phenol or any substituted phenol with formaldehyde or other aldehydes, in the presence of acidic or basic catalyst. The price of phenol depends on the oil price and is likely to ever increase due to shortage of fossil resources. Hence, several lignin substitute products based on renewable materials derived from annual plants such as flax [2, 3] or kenaf [4], agricultural waste such as sugar cane bagasse [5] and wheat straw [6] or by-products from the... 

Lactic acid used in the preparation of PLA is derived from annually renewable resources. Cargill Dow uses sugar from maize as feedstock, due to its low cost and abundance, but it is envisaged to use local plant sources containing starch, or sugar, such as wheat, sugar beets or agricultural waste (Fig. 2.5). 

At the start of the twenty-first century, 250,000 million litres of wine were being consumed annually, valued at about 100 billion. The market is growing by about 5% annutilly. Wine is a chemically complex mixture but it is not the major constituents (water, alcohol, sugar and organic acids) that give a wine its value but the minor ones— the plant-derived NPs or compormds derived from them. It is the NPs that give a wine a rmique flavour or odour hence wine experts are simply well-trained, capable NP detectors. 

Polylactic acid or PLA is a plastic made from com, an annually renewable resource, leading to 100% biodegradability and compostability. Plastic products made from com are in all common household products all around the world. The NatureWorks PLA is derived from naturally occurring plant starch. According to the NatureWorks LLC website, the different steps of the transformation of plant sugar into NatureWorks PLA are the following [14] ... 

---