Succinic Acid and PBS

To circumvent this problem, one can be tempted to make more controlled chemical polymerization with the bio-based monomers. Thus the production of bio-based monomers was also developed. However, the polymerization of bio-based monomers often asks for more development, as in the case of polylactic acid (PLA) and of polybutylene succinate (PBS) moreover, the thermo-mechanical needs for the expected applications are hardly reached with these polymers. Therefore, two more options can be foreseen the production of partially bio-based materials (Sorona ) or the production of bio-monomers identical to the already existing and improved petroleum-based (ethylene, isobutylene, caprolactam etc.  

In this chapter we discuss the main biomaterials produced by these different methods as well as the achieved improvements and remaining bottlenecks in their production, modifications and applications. 

PHAgcL - R bearing less than 3 carbons PHAj cl bearing 3 or more carbons 

the growth and the PHA accumulation on wastes and by-produets have been paid important attention in recent years, in order to enhanee the eeonomie and sustainable efficiencies. Thus, different alternative substrates were tested - such as vinasse, oil palm frond juice, soybean oil, waste glyeerol and other by-products from the biodiesel industry.Unfortunately up to now these strategies have not shown comparable productivities as an artificial carbon source (only 67.2 g of PHB were produced when soybean oil was used as a substrate). 

Even if the Cupriavidus genera remains predominant in the production of PHAscl, Other genera were also discovered and studied in recent years Bacillus cereus, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Sphingopyxis macrogoltabia,  

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