Succinate ions

Table 8-1 lists sizes (a) and activity coefficients of many ions. All ions of the same size and chaige appear in the same group and have the same activity coefficients. For example, Ba2+ and succinate ion [ 02CCH2CH2C0, listed as (CH2C02 )2] each have a size of 500 pm and are listed among the charge = 2 ions. At an ionic strength of 0.001 M, both of these ions have an activity coefficient of 0.868. 

Earlier biochemical studies had reported that the Krebs cycle in mitochondria are closely associated with the intramitochondrial precipitation of electron-dense mineral granules,138 which have been suggested as ACP containing OCP-carboxylate components.139 Previous studies have shown that succinate ions (00CC2H4C002 ) can be incorporated into the lattice of OCP,139-142 leading to the formation of the OCP-succinate (OCPS) compound.139 Consequently, OCPS prepared in vitro could serve as a model system to mimic the biomineralization process in mitochondria. The XRD... 

Glycine Glycinate ion Glycylglycine Glycylglycinate L(+)-Lactic acid L(+)-Lactate ion a-Lactose p-Lactose DL-Leudne L-Leucine L-Leucinate ion L-Malic acid L-Malate ion a-Maltose p-Maltose Methanol L-Methionine Oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetate ion Palmitic acid Pyruvic acid Pyruvate ion 2-Propanol Succinic acid Succinate ion Sucrose dl-Valine L-Valine L-Valine ion L-Valinate ion Water... 

SO4 water nonbonded parameters W. R. Cannon 1994 Succinic acid, succinate ion Price 1998... 

Concentration of NaOH in Bulk Alkaline Hydrolysis of Monolayer of Stearolactone X 10 (neutral film) Alkaline Hydrolysis of Monolayer of Moiiocetyl Succinate Ions ... 

Fig. 19. Catalytic effect of neutral salt on the alkaline hydrolysis of monocetyl succinate ions, Ci6H330-C0-CH2-CH2-CO2 . The monolayer bears a net negative electrical charge. This repels the similarly charged hydrolytic hydroxyl ions. The height of this electrical repulsive barrier is reduced greatly by any neutral salts (Davies and Rideal, 21).

In the dihydrate of cupric succinate one-half of the water is present as isolated molecules of water of crystallization and the remainder is present in dimeric complexes like those of Cu2(ac)4(H20)2. The succinate ions form not only the bridges in the dimers but also link these units into infinite chains (Fig. 25.14(c)). 

These experiments employing acidic media were at best only semi-quantitative, and none comprised a systematic investigation of the catalysis. Nevertheless, they placed the transformation in a new light and broadened the opportunities for investigating its mechanism. From the dependence of the reactions on the concentrations of formate, acetate, or succinate ions, Ashmarin argued for a general add and base catalysis. The results of Petuely s experiments implied the same kind of catalytic effect, and Petuely wrote the reaction as an enolization catalyzed by acids and bases. 

Fig. 13. Bridging of uranyl ions in the structure of uranyl succinate U02(C4H404)2] H20. The layers are crosslinked by succinate ions. The water molecule is omitted...

Stepwise formation constants and free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes have been calculated for the 1 1, 1 2, and 1 3 complexes of AP" with malonate and succinate ions. Table 8 gives the calculated values for the stability constants of aluminium complexes with propionate and lactate ions in aqueous solutions, with I = 1. Solution calorimetry was used to determine values for the enthalpies of formation of tris(tropolonato)Al " and tris(4-methyltropolonato)Al " (Table 9) they were used to derive gas-phase enthalpies of formation, and hence the A1—O bond energies. ... 

In the next three steps in the citric acid cycle (Steps 6 through 8), the four-carbon succinate ion is converted to oxaloacetate ion to complete the cycle. 

Very interesting results were obtained with the sodium salts of the dicarboxylic acids. They form an irregular series, which can however be written in the way as given in Fig. 31 as two regular sequences connected by the succinate ion ... 

An example of competitive inhibition is the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by malonate ion. The catalyzed reaction is the oxidation of succinate ion to fumarate ion ... 

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