Subtractive effect

Subtraction effects on liquid water spectra in differential FTIR 167... 

Destructive interference occurs when wave functions with opposite phase signs interact. There is a subtractive effect and the amplitude of the wave function goes to zero or changes sign. 

Most colours, even dark ones, require substantial proportions of white pigment. Clean colours require organic pigments and should be matched with the minimum number of pigments. The subtractive effect increases with the number of pigments, reducing the reflected light intensity and... 

Electro permeabilization of the Cell Membrane, Fig.1 Field induced transmembrane potential modulation. The resting transmembrane potential is negative inside (green arrow) all over the cell plasma membrane (pictured in gray). The field induced modulation keeps the orientation of the external trigger (red arrow). Therefore an additive effect on the resulting transmembrane potential is present on the side facing the cathode and a subtractive effect on the opposite cap. No modulation is present at the equator... 

Figure 9.19 Splitting tree diagram for a doublet. The signal from the observed hydrogen ( H) is split into two peaks of 1 1 intensity by the additive and subtractive effects of the magnetic field from one adjacent hydrogen ( H) on Bq (the applied field). Jab> the spacing between the peaks (measured in hertz), is called the coupling constant.

There is no relationship between conventionally measured optical rotation and either helical twist sense or degree of twist (pitch length of the helix). There is, however, a useful empirical relationship among the absolute configuration of the chiral center (R or S), its position within the molecule, and the sense of the helix produced. Molecules with two chiral centers can experience either additive or subtractive effects which can be predicted by the above rule. 

At moderate ionic strengths a considerable improvement is effected by subtracting a term bl from the Debye-Hiickel expression b is an adjustable parameter which is 0.2 for water at 25°C. Table 8.4 gives the values of the ionic activity coefficients (for Zi from 1 to 6) with d taken to be 4.6A. 

Incipient hazes may not be removed at all by simple filtration. An array of fining procedures have been developed to achieve stable clarity in such cases. Fining agents ate substances that ate or become insoluble in wines, and, as they precipitate, adsorb or coptecipitation incipient sources of cloudiness. Ptopedy used, the fining agents themselves ate not retained in the wines and thein effect is subtractive rather than additive. 

Grades, Quality Control. Fluorspar is marketed ia several grades metallurgical fluorspar (metspar) is sold as gravel, lump, or briquettes. The minimum acceptable assay is 60% effective calcium fluoride. The effective value is determined by subtracting from the contained calcium fluoride 2.5% for every percent of Si02 found ia the complete analysis apparently based on the following stoichiometry (1) ... 

Instead of using Eq. (9-113), it is unfortunately common practice to try to obtain the true or effective rate of return by calculating the nominal (DCFRR), based on actual net annual cash flows uncorrected for inflation, and then subtracting the inflation rate from it as if... 

In these approximations for the K series the value 1 is subtracted from the atomic number Z to correct for the screening of the nuclei by the remaining K-shell electron. For the L series the screening effect of the two K-shell electrons and the seven remaining L-shell electrons must be taken into consideration by subtracting 7.4. 

Thus the insulation of the walking person is found by subtracting the walking effect from the insulation of the standing clothing ensemble. 

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