Submergence oxygen

Flave submerged oxygenating plants occupying around 25-33% of the volume of water. 

Another major copper smelter has injected oxygen directly into the copper bath of a Hoboken-Siphon converter.19 Consumable lances were used for submerged oxygen injection. 

In the fumace/ketde batch process, a charge of drossed blast furnace buUion is treated in a reverberatory furnace or a kettie (see Fig. 12). Oxygen is supphed in the form of compressed air or as lead oxide blown into the bath through submerged pipes. The formation of lead oxide serves by mass action to assure the removal of the impurities to the desired low concentrations. The softening reactions are... 

Chloramphenicol may be prepared by fermentation or by chemical synthesis. The fermentation route to chloramphenicol is described in U.S. Patents 2,4B3,B71 and 2,4B3,B92. To quote from U.S. Patent 2,4B3,B92 The cultivation of Streptomyces venezuelae may be carried out in a number of different ways. For example, the microorganism may be cultivated under aerobic conditions on the surface of the medium, or it may be cultivated beneath the surface of the medium, i.e., in the submerged condition, if oxygen is simultaneously supplied. 

A. niger remains the organism of choice for the production of citric acid. In a submerged fermentor, either purified compressed ah or oxygen and agitation are used. Molasses are a desirable raw material for citric acid fermentation because of their availability and relatively low price. 

A large membrane pack of this type will act like an artificial gill, permitting a swimmer to breathe like a fish and remain submerged for much longer periods of time than are possible with scuba equipment. Speculative fiction has man returning to live in the seas, and this type of application may make it possible. Their application in spacecraft is obvious as a part of a continuously recycled air support system. The oxygen permeability of silicone materials is just one example of the selective permeability of plastics. 

Nonpolar gases are only slightly soluble in water. For example, water in contact with the Earth s atmosphere contains O2 at a concentration of only about 2.5 x 10 M and CO2 at about 1 x 10 M. Nevertheless, these small concentrations are essential for aquatic life. Fish and other aquatic animals use their gills to extract O2 dissolved in water, and unless that oxygen is replenished, these species die. Submerged green plants carry out photosynthesis using dissolved carbon dioxide, which also must be replenished for these plants to survive. 

In continually submerged soils, there is no oxygen. Thus, the entire environment is anaerobic and reducing. Under these conditions, there will be a predominance of the reduced forms mentioned earlier, namely, methane, hydrogen sulfide, ferrous iron, and so on. 

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