Subject reaction with hypochlorite

Lewin and Avrahami reported that the decomposition of hypochlorite is faster (at pH 9) in the presence of bromate. A serious kinetic study of the reaction was not made, so that the observation is subject to some doubt. The earliest measurements on the reaction with chloride were based on solutions containing both chloride and iodide. Later studies - ° ° have been made by the very convenient constant rate method in presence of arsenite. The most complete rate law , with coefficients applicable to 25 °C and n = 1.18, is... 

Hypochlorous acid is subject to further reaction including disinfection, reactions with various organic and inorganic compounds or dissociation to hydrogen and hypochlorite ion (OCr) as follows ... 

The stepwise formation of epoxides through the reaction of alkenes with sodium hypochlorite with, or without, the isolation of the intermediate chlorohydrin has been subjected to catalysis with (V-benzylquininium chloride under liquiddiquid two-... 

A series of functionalized alkenes has been subjected to selective epoxidation reactions. Oxidation of perfluorinated vinyl polyethers by bubbling oxygen through the liquid that contains a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid, e.g. antimony(V) fluoride, results in the formation of acid fluorides together with a smaller amount of C = C bond cleavage.76 Perfluorinated pentaaIkyI-2.3-dihydrofuran 38, an example of an unsaturated cyclic ether that is quite stable owing to perfluoroalkylation. is epoxidized by hypochlorite to the product 39 at 45 C.62... 

Chemistry, Physics, and Biology Laboratories. As a rule, before any artifact is subjected to treatment, the chemistry laboratory determines the causes of any alterations or deterioration. The nature and structure of the artifact, its pigments and inks, are identified to avoid negative reactions to prescribed treatment. Fixatives are recommended if required these may be cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone, soluble nylon, or acrylic resin sprays. Once stains are identified, several possible solvents are selected. For deacidification, either magnesium bicarbonate or barium hydroxide usually is recommended, depending on whether an aqueous or nonaqueous solution is called for. Bleaching is discouraged, but when necessary, hypochlorites are used with suitable antichlors. 

When subjected to the Conia modification of the Simmons-Smith reaction or cuprous chloride-catalyzed diazomethane decomposition, triquinacene was converted to two monocyclopropanated, two doubly cyclopropanated, and two triply cyclo-propanated products.403) Subsequent photochlorination of 454 with r-butyl hypochlorite at —50 °C has been shown to proceed with ring expansion and formation of 455.404) In contrast, //-exo-trishomotriquinacene (456) could be converted to trichloride 457 with retention of the hexacyclic carbon framework 04)... 

Earlier investigators reported vesication after CS patch testing.4 They also mixed CS with sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) and found that in all subjects tested, the product caused a reaction that was much more severe than that produced by CS alone. For that reason, hypochlorite is not recommended for decontamination of CS on skin. (A hypochlorite is successfully used as a decontaminant for most other chemical agents.)... 

Recently, a novel process has been developed [40] for the manufacture of the phosphonium chloride 98 and the corresponding ethyl sulphate 110. The process comprises a-chlorination of 2-methylbut-3-enenitrile (106) by means of an alkali-metal hypochlorite, after which the 2-chloro-2-methylbut-3-enenitrile (111) formed is subjected either first to an ethanolysis to give the corresponding 2-chloro-2-methylbut-3-enoic acid ethyl ester (112) and then reaction of 112 with triphenylphosphine to give the desired phosphonium chloride 98, or first the reaction of 111 with triphenylphosphine to obtain (3-cyanobut-2-enyl)triphenyl-phosphonium chloride (113) and then the ethanolysis of 113 with concentrated sulphuric acid to give the corresponding ethyl sulphate 110. 

Hypochlorite can be produced by the reaction of chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide solution. On-site generation of hypochlorite avoids storage and transport difficulties associated with chlorine gas, and is convenient for many applications, including sewage treatment, sterilisation of water, disinfection, biological growth prevention and enhanced oxidation of, for example, cyanide wastes. The electrochemical generation of hypochlorite has been the subject of several reviews (see [84]). 

In functional products, citral is subject to both acid and base reactions and to oxidation by air or by other components, such as hypochlorite bleach. Consequently, a great deal of research has been invested in the search for materials with the odor of citral, but with much better stability. 

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