Morphology Subject

Needle-free devices have demonstrated consistent delivery to the epidermis, the dermis, the subcutaneous layer, and the intramuscular space. While questions remain over the ability of this technology to target the dermis or the muscle across a very wide range of subject morphologies, published data suggest that the delivery is at least as good as that achieved with a needle which remains the gold standard for all parenteral injections. 

An even coarser description is attempted in Ginzburg-Landau-type models. These continuum models describe the system configuration in temis of one or several, continuous order parameter fields. These fields are thought to describe the spatial variation of the composition. Similar to spin models, the amphiphilic properties are incorporated into the Flamiltonian by construction. The Flamiltonians are motivated by fiindamental synnnetry and stability criteria and offer a unified view on the general features of self-assembly. The universal, generic behaviour—tlie possible morphologies and effects of fluctuations, for instance—rather than the description of a specific material is the subject of these models. 

The morphological variance appears more important with chrysotile than with amphiboles. The intrinsic stmcture of chrysotile, its higher flexibiUty, and interfibnl adhesion (10) allow a variety of intermediate shapes when fiber aggregates are subjected to mechanical shear. Amphibole fibers are generally more britde and accommodate less morphological deformation during mechanical treatment. 

Since the publication by the discoverers (3) of chromium oxide catalysts a considerable number of papers devoted to this subject have appeared. Most of them (20-72) deal either with the study of the chromium species on the catalyst surface or with the problem of which of this species is responsible for polymerization. Fewer results have been published on the study of processes determining the polymer molecular weight (78-77) and kinetics of polymerization (78-99). A few papers describe nascent morphology of the polymer formed (100-103). 

Catalyst films for electrochemical promotion studies should be thin and porous enough so that the catalytic reaction under study is not subject to internal mass-transfer limitations within the desired operating temperature. Thickness below 10 pm and porosity larger than 30% are usually sufficient to ensure the absence of internal mass-transfer limitations. Several SEM images of such catalyst films have been presented in this book. SEM characterization is very important in assessing the morphological suitability of catalyst films for electrochemical promotion studies and in optimizing the calcination procedure. 

In addition to marked perifascicular atrophy, infarctlike areas are sometimes seen, and are also consistent with a microangiopathy. Muscle fibers which appear normal morphologically may show loss of myofibrillar ATPase activity from the center of the fibers this is also characteristic of muscle subject to ischemia. Such changes may be reversible, but more prolonged ischemia undoubtedly causes irreversible muscle necrosis. 

Fig. 6. Comparison of the responses of two grasses of contrasted growth rate and morphology to five intensities of shoot impedance, (a) Lolium perenne b) Festuca ovina. Each curve records the mean progress of shoot expansion in five replicate plants subjected to standardised resistances (indicated on each curve as the force in newtons required for initial deflection of weighted windows). Plants were grown individually within a transparent cone, from which the shoots, in order to escape, must deflect windows of standard dimensions and angle of inclination.

Lebot and Levesque s 1989 work was based upon an exhaustive collection of plant material. Piper wichmannii was obtained from Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, which comprises its natural range. Piper methysti-cum was collected from cultivated plots on three islands representing Micronesia, eight representing Melanesia, and 24 from Polynesia. In all, more than 240 individual plant acquisitions were subjected to chemical and morphological analysis. 

Fig. 5.5 SEM surface view and cross section of an electrodeposited, ca. 1 p.m thick, CdSe/li film subjected to accelerated photocorrosion by the apphcation of -0.1 V vs. Pt bias in polysulfide solution under a focused, high-power (1 W cm ) solar illumination for 30 min. The coherence of the as-deposited film morphology is evident. The authors emphasize that, even in this situation, the liquid junction nature prevents the flow of high leakage currents during the process (as it might be the case with a solid junction). (Reprinted from [99], Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier)...

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