Subject mercury salts

Hydrolysis and hydration—Hydrolysis of functional groups present in Mannich bases is best carried out under acidic conditions in order to improve the stability of the base. Hydrazine has been used in the hydrolysis of phthaiimidc derivatives to obtain products having a primary amino group (see also Fig. 15, Chap. I). The triple bond of acetylenic Mannich bases has been subjected to the addition of water in the presence of mercury salts with the aim of producing P- abed aminoketoncs (Table 30). 

As chemical production increased, it became possible to export. Exports brought money, helped trade and increased imports. The Trade and Finances Ministries allowed some exports to begin at the end of 1915. These were not generally subject to restrictions if intended for Allied countries, but controls over pharmaceutical exports were stiffened. Such controls were legitimate when the product was scarce any exports of essential drugs, for instance, would deprive the army of them. At the same time, certain exports could not be avoided because they were counterpart to the importation of raw materials. For example, France exported mercury salts to Spain,... 

The resulting anion is a powerful nucleophile and can undergo both displacement reactions (subject, of course, to the usual restrictions of the Sn2 reaction) and additions to carhonyl compounds (Fig. 19.116). The products of these reactions are dithianes and can he hydrolyzed, usually hy mercury salts, to aldehydes or ketones. The dithiane functions as a masked carhonyl group Here is another synthesis of aldehydes and ketones. 

Early synthesis of Floxuridine commenced from Fluorouracil (1) which was transformed into its mercury salt 28 and then allowed to react with 2-deoxy-D-ribofuranosyl chloride derivative 29 (Scheme 4) [18]. The product 30 was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis to give Floxuridine (4). 

RM can be a traditional Grignard reagent or an organolithium, 2inc, aluminum, or mercury compound. The Grignard route is employed commercially for production of tertiary phosphines, even though these reactions are subject to side reactions. Yields are often low, eg, 40—50% for (C4H )2P prepared via a Grignard reaction (18). A phosphoms—carbon bond can form from the metathetical reaction of a phosphoms haUde and a pseudohaUde salt. 

Electrophilic substitution at the anthraquinone ring system is difficult due to deactivation (electron withdrawal) by the carbonyl groups. Although the 1-position in anthraquinone is rather more susceptible to electrophilic attack than is the 2-position, as indicated by jt-electron localisation energies [4], direct sulphonation with oleum produces the 2-sulphonic acid (6.3). The severity of the reaction conditions ensures that the thermodynamically favoured 2-isomer, which is not subject to steric hindrance from an adjacent carbonyl group, is formed. However, the more synthetically useful 1-isomer (6.7) can be obtained by sulphonation of anthraquinone in the presence of a mercury(II) salt (Scheme 6.4). It appears that mercuration first takes place at the 1-position followed by displacement. Some disulphonation occurs, leading to the formation of the 2,6- and 2,7- or the 1,5- and 1,8-disulphonic acids, respectively. Separation of the various compounds can be achieved without too much difficulty. Sulphonation of anthraquinone derivatives is also of some importance. 

Tha Dublin college at first prepares the sulphate of mercury, and intimately mixes this in fine powder with dried common salt, likewise ground, in the proportion. of two of the former to one of the latter, subjecting the mixture to heat in an iron pot lined with clay, to which an oarthen head is adapted. In either of these operations the temperature at which the salt is sublimed should not he too elevated, as in this case the ohloride would fuse and fall hock into the yeBsd, and thus occasion a loss.. . ... 

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