Subject magnetic properties

These remarks are made, therefore, to assure the reader that connections between the number of unpaired electrons in a complex and its magnetic properties - and indeed much more detail - are perfectly possible and well understood, notwithstanding the necessarily brief review of the subject that has been possible in the present non-specialist text. 

Electroless deposition as we know it today has had many applications, e.g., in corrosion prevention [5-8], and electronics [9]. Although it yields a limited number of metals and alloys compared to electrodeposition, materials with unique properties, such as Ni-P (corrosion resistance) and Co-P (magnetic properties), are readily obtained by electroless deposition. It is in principle easier to obtain coatings of uniform thickness and composition using the electroless process, since one does not have the current density uniformity problem of electrodeposition. However, as we shall see, the practitioner of electroless deposition needs to be aware of the actions of solution additives and dissolved O2 gas on deposition kinetics, which affect deposit thickness and composition uniformity. Nevertheless, electroless deposition is experiencing increased interest in microelectronics, in part due to the need to replace expensive vacuum metallization methods with less expensive and selective deposition methods. The need to find creative deposition methods in the emerging field of nanofabrication is generating much interest in electroless deposition, at the present time more so as a useful process however, than as a subject of serious research. 

Clearly, the field of potential applications of SOMC now goes far beyond these catalytic objectives it influences adsorption, surface organometallic synthesis, hybrid materials and nanotechnology and its possible overlap with microelectronics , new materials with novel electronic, optical and magnetic properties. This renders the subject even more general and undoubtedly strategic. 

We must emphasize that in this extremely brief introduction to magnetic properties we have only scratched the surface of this wide-ranging topic. Because magnetic properties lie at the heart of most digital data storage techniques, the numerous phenomena associated with magnetism have been the subject of intense worldwide research for decades. The Further Reading section lists several resources that can provide an entry point into this topic. 

Many other atom-probe analyses of different phases in different types of steels exist as steels are one of the most important materials. It is possible to investigate how the magnetic properties of alloys are correlated to the microstructures of different phases in the alloys.57,58,59 The chemical contents, growth process and structures of metallic carbides in different alloy steels have been studied with the field ion microscope and the atom-probe field ion microscope.60 61 62 63 We refer the reader to some of the original papers published on these subjects. 

Many complexes contain the [Cr2X9]3 ion.1073-1076 This unit consists of two distorted octahedra which share a face there are three bridging and three terminal halides (226). The distortion of the octahedron is such that the two metal ions are displaced from each other. The magnetic properties of these complexes have been the subject of extensive study summarized in Table 93. 

Numerous physical properties are studied with transition metal complexes as the subjects, and many of them involve the use of ligand field theory in their interpretation. They vary from those such as the spectra and magnetic properties, which are heavily dependent on ligand field theory, to others such as reaction kinetics where the application of the theory is rather peripheral. 

Dithiolenes have been the subject of numerous studies relating to their ability to conduct electric currents and to show unusual magnetic properties. Both are consequences of extended inter-molecular interactions in molecular crystals of such order that the overlap between adjacent molecules is strong and uniform throughout the entire crystal. 

---