Subject clinical implications

Lastly, Llerena etal. (2004) compared the CYP2C9 polymorphisms 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in Mexican Americans (n = 98) and Spanish subjects (n = 102). Lower frequencies of the variant CYP2C9 2, one of two alleles reported to have altered catalytic activity, were found among the Mexican Americans. Since no phenotypic comparisons were conducted in this study, the clinical implications remain unclear. The authors suggest the need for further studies to assess whether the drug metabolism of medications such as warfarin maybe affected in this population. 

The role of the sympathetic nervous system in renal injury, end-stage renal disease, and renovascular hypertension are discussed through a literature review accompanying sympathetic nerve mechanisms in hypertension and obesity. Relevant studies of sympathetic nerve activity and 32-adrenoceptor polymorphism might contribute to the onset and maintenance of renal injury in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic heart failure and cardiovascular events in ESRD patients. A better understanding of the relationships of sympathetic nerve activity with renal injury might help clinical implications (treatment) for renal injury in hypertensive patients and hypertension in patients with ESRD. Recently, the role of denervation of renal sympathetic nerve in refractory hypertension has been examined and showed its efficacy in humans. The outcome from the study have not been established, but a number of animal studies show theoretical benefits for those patients in the acute phase. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationships between the sympathetic nerve activity and renal injury. 

Four subjects had markedly reduced O-demethylation of dextromethorphan after they had taken moclobemide 300 mg bd for 9 days (60). A-demethylation was not affected. This result supports the hypothesis that moclobemide or a metabolite reduces the activity of the cytochrome enzyme CYP2D6. The clinical implications of this particular interaction remain to be clarified. 

Electroneurographic studies in 34 lithium maintenance patients and controls (both healthy subjects and mood-disorder patients never on lithium) showed statistically significant reductions in sensory and motor conduction in the lithium group (164). None of the decrements was severe enough to be abnormal, and whether these findings have clinical implications is unknown. 

In normal non-fasting subjects, 100-1000 IU of heparin given intravenously caused a rapid increase in the free fractions of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and oxazepam (4,5), but no change in the case of lorazepam (4). The clinical implications of this finding are not known. 

Saxena et al (1988) studied 31 exposed adults and found a significant increase in abnormal lymphocytes however, there was no middle ground in humoral and cellular immunity in the exposed population in Bhopal. Anti-MIC antibodies were detected in blood samples from gas-exposed subjects but the clinical implications are not clear (Karol et al, 1987). 

The clinical implication of this analysis is that the A UC and C ax in healthy and HIV-infected subjects were considered similar. This interpretation is less interesting from the methodological standpoint and is presented only for completeness. 

Patients who are EMs have a wide range of CYP2D6 activity, with ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs) on one end of the spectrum and subjects with diminished activity on the other end. Both have clinical implications in terms of dosage adjustment for CYP2D6 substrates. 

Veng-Pedersen, P, Mean time parameters in pharmacokinetics. Definition, computation and clinical implications (Part II), Clin. Pharmacokinet., 17 424 40, 1989. Veng-Pedersen, R, Mean time parameters in pharmacokinetics. Definition, computation and clinical implications (Part I), Clin. Pharmacokinet., 17 345-366, 1989. Aarons, L., Mean residence time for drugs subject to reversible metabolism, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 39 565-567, 1987. 

Mladenovic A., Markovic Z., Grujidc-Sipetic S. and Hyodoh H. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Different Races Epidemiologic Features and Morphologic-Clinical Implications Evaluated by CT Aortography. Chapter 6 in Aneurysm , Edited by Yasuo Murai, ISBN 978-953-51-0730-9, Published InTech, 29 August 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license, in subject Medicine. 

Some design options are shown in Tables 20.4 through 20.8, while the implications for going with one or other in terms of subject numbers, number of clinic visits, highest first dose given to a subject, biggest increment in dose, and time to complete the study are given in Table 20.9. 

Ion recognition is a subject of considerable interest because of its implications in many fields chemistry, biology, medicine (clinical biochemistry), environment, etc. In particular, selective detection of metal cations involved in biological processes (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium), in clinical diagnosis (e.g., lithium, potassium, aluminum) or in pollution (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium) has received much attention. Among the various methods available for detection of ions, and more... 

The underlying principle is that subjects should only participate in a clinical trial if they agree to do so after they have fully understood the trial and its implications. In all studies, informed consent must be obtained from the subject or, where special situations occur, from his or her representative. How this is achieved depends on the study design, procedure and the country where the study is being conducted. Typically, it requires a... 

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