Styrene vinyl naphthalene

Betzemeier et al. (1998) have used f-BuOOH, in the presence of a Pd(II) catalyst bearing perfluorinated ligands using a biphasic system of benzene and bromo perfluoro octane to convert a variety of olefins, such as styrene, p-substituted styrenes, vinyl naphthalene, 1-decene etc. to the corresponding ketone via a Wacker type process. Xia and Fell (1997) have used the Li salt of triphenylphosphine monosulphonic acid, which can be solubilized with methanol. A hydroformylation reaction is conducted and catalyst recovery is facilitated by removal of methanol when filtration or extraction with water can be practised. The aqueous solution can be evaporated and the solid salt can be dissolved in methanol and recycled. 

Styrene Vinyl naphthalene Vinyl acetate Acrylonitrile a-Methyl styrene Vinylidene chloride Vinyl chloride... 

Arylethenes are inner-outer-ring dienes in which the vinyl group is linked to an aromatic system. These dienes are poorly or moderately reactive the presence of electron-donating substituents in the diene moiety markedly increases their reactivity. Their cycloadditions are usually accelerated in order to be carried out under mild conditions. 1-Vinylnaphthalene is more reactive than 2-vinyl-naphthalene and styrenes. 

Lee K, DT Gibson (1996a) Stereospecific dihydroxylation of the styrene vinyl group by purified naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4. J Bacteriol 178 3353-3356. 

Photolysis of acyldisilanes at A > 360 nm (103,104) was shown, based on trapping experiments, to yield both silenes 22 and the isomeric siloxy-carbenes 23, but with polysilylacylsilanes only silenes 24 are formed, as shown by trapping experiments and NMR spectroscopy (104,122-124) (see Scheme 4). These silenes react conventionally with alcohols, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene (with one or two giving some evidence of minor amounts of ene-like products), and in a [2 + 2] manner with phenyl-propyne. Ketones, however, do not react cleanly. Perhaps the most unusual behavior of this family of silenes is their exclusive head-to-head dimerization as described in Section V. More recently it has been found that these silenes undergo thermal [2 + 2] reactions with butadiene itself (with minor amounts of the [2 + 4] adduct) and with styrene and vinyl-naphthalene. Also, it has been found that a dimethylsilylene precursor will... 

Up to this example we have given relatively little consideration to the performance of the catalyst. However, in order to obtain a product with high enantiomeric excess, the ligand used to modify rhodium must be selected with particular care. At a minimum it must contain an optically active center to have any hope of achieving enantiomeric excess [18] It must also show high selectivity towards the branched product, although for styrenes and vinyl naphthalenes this isomer is somewhat favoured on thermodynamic grounds. 

Konishi et al.97 synthesized porphyrin compound 127. As shown in Scheme 4-44, asymmetric epoxidation of prochiral olefins such as styrene derivatives and vinyl naphthalene by iodosobenzene has been achieved by using this porphyrin complex as the catalyst in the presence of imidazole. The optically active epoxides were obtained with moderate ee. 

The absorption and emission of radiation in the near ultraviolet (UV) and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are associated with electronic (and associated vibronic) transitions involving n- and/or n-electron systems of molecules. Synthetic and natural polymers absorb in the UV region and particularly strong absorption spectra are recorded for polymers containing aromatic and heteroaromatic groups (e.g., poly(styrenes), poly(vinyl naphthalenes), poly(vinyl carbazoles)). 

A wide variety of copolymers of vinyl arenes with spectroscopically inert monomers have been synthesized since the first study of P(S-co-MMA) in 1963 20). The fluorescence of copolymers derived from styrene 178-180,184), 1-vinyl naphthalene 31,179-i8i-is3), an(j 2-vinylnaphthalene41 158,164,179) has been studied, primarily in fluid solution. Numerous functions relating cpD, q>M, and the fluorescence ratio to the copolymer composition have been proposed, none of which can be applied over the entire composition range of the copolymer. 

Copolymers belonging to the case c) were found to be those of styrene with 1-vinyl naphthalene (crystallinity appears for molar contents of the latter lower than 50% by moles), -ethyl styrene and -bromo styrene (crystallinity appears for contents of the latter comonomers up to 10—15% by moles), -chloro styrene and -methyl styrene (crystallinity is shown for contents up to 30 and >50% by moles respectively of the latter). It is remarkable that in all these cases the introduction of bulkier monomeric units into the polystyrene chain always causes a fairly considerable increase only in the equatorial unit cell dimensions. Cases a and b are shown in Fig. 3 and in Fig. 4. 

Among the systems with chemical different donor and acceptor molecules, the photocopolymerization between maleic anhydride (MSA), which functions as an acceptor, and electron-rich monomers has been widely investigated. As donor monomers such compounds as styrene (Sty) [19-29], cyclohexene [30], N-vinylcarbazole [31], 2-vinyl naphthalene [32], vinyl acetate [33], 2.4.8.10-tetra-oxaspiro[5.5]undecan [34] and phenyl glycidyl ether (2,3-epoxypropyl phenyl ether, PGE) [35] have been used. In all the above cases, using high concentrations of both monomers, the absorption of the CT has been obtained in various solvents. Thus, with spectroscopic methods the complex formation constant Kct can be calculated (e.g., MSA-cyclohexene Kcl = 0.0681 mol -1 [33], MSA-tetrahydrofuran Kct = 0.331 mol-1 [36]), and a selective excitation of the CT is possible in many cases. 

Polystyiene-polybutadiene Polybutadiene-poly(a-methyl styrene) Polybutadiene-poly(vinyl naphthalene) Polystyrene-polybutadlene-polystyrene Polybutadiene-polystyrene-polybutadiene Polystyrene-polyisoprene Pblystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene Polyia>prene-poly(vinyl-2-p dine) PofyiK>prene-poly(vinyl-4-pyridine) Polyisoprene-poly(methyl methacrylate) Polystyrene-poly(butadiene or ia>prene)-polystyrene Star polystyrene-polybutadiene with 4 branches Star polybutadiene-polystyrene with n branches Star polystyrene-polybutadiene with n branches Star polystyrene-polyisoprene with n brandies Polystyrene-polyisoprene-poly(vinyl-2-pyridine) Polystyrene-poly vinyl-2-pyridine) Polystyrene-poly(vinyl-4-pyridine) Poly(vinyl-2-pyridine)-poly(vinyl-4-pyridine)... 

In helium quantitative yield of HCI. remainder residue and hydrocarbons, benzene is major volatile hydrocarbons product aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene (major product), toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xyiene, monochlorobenzene styrene, vinyl tcriuerre. p-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, indene, 1,3.5-trichlorobenzene 1.2.4. richlorobenzene. naphthalene, u-methylnaphthalene. p-methylnaphthatene effect of ZnO. SnOj, and Ab03 on the yields of products Is also recorded HCI. CO2. ethene. ethane, propane, 1-butene. 2-butene. 1-pentene. cydopentene, n-pentane, 2-methylbulane, 1,3-pentadiene. 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, complex series (60 Identlfled) of aromatic and polyaromatic species including benzene, styrene, methylstyrenes, toluene, o-xytene, m-xylene, p-xylene, biphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene. pyrene, etc. 

The photolytic removal of chlorine from chlorobenzene, chlorophenols and chlorinated biphenyls and dioxins continues to be examined as a potential solution to the problem of the destruction of these compounds when present as environmental pollutants. Guillet has reported that aqueous solutions of the copolymer of vinyl-naphthalene and styrene sulphonate will solubilize to a small degree 2,2, 3,3, 6,6 -hexachlorobiphenyl, and that illumination of the solution with simulated sunlight leads to the formation of biphenyls with fewer chlorine substituents. It is suggested that the process involves the absorption of light by the naphthalene and exciplex formation with the biphenyl followed by electron transfer to the biphenyl. The chlorinated biphenyl anion radical would then be expected to expel chloride ion. The dechlorination of mixtures of variously chlorinated biphenyls (such as those typically used as... 

The reaction proceeds smoothly with styrene, -substituted styrenes, and /3-vinyl-naphthalene to give the corresponding ( )-vinylsilanes in 83-100% yield. However, isomerization of the double bond gives an allylsilane when a substrate having allylic proton(s) is employed ... 

Delayed emission has also been observed for copolymers of -vinyl-naphthalene with styrene and with methyl methacrylate [160,161], and seems to be much more probable with vinylaromatic polymers than with low molecular weight model compounds. This might be the result of extensive energy migration in polymeric systems, although the presence of impurities and structural defects appears likely to be the determining factor in some cases [161]. 

Occasionally, unusual effects are observed. For example, addition of styrene to living poly-vinyl-naphthalene results in complexing of the first polystyryl-anion to the preceding naphthalene moiety501. Consequently, three constants describe the process the rate constant of addition of the first styrene molecule, the very low rate constant of addition of the second styrene molecule, and a large rate constant of homo-propagation ensuing from addition of the third, forth, etc., styrene molecules. 

FIGURE 20. Delayed-emission spectra at 77 K for (a) mixtures of poly(styrene) and poly(l-vinyl-naphthalene), (b) the corresponding co-polymer within each case 1 mo1e% vinyl naphthalene. (1) is poly(l-vinylnaphthalene) delayed fluorescence, (2) is poly(styrene) phosphorescence, and (3) is poly(l-vinylnaphthalene) phosphorescence [after figure in Macromolecules, 2, 187 (1969)]. 

K. P. Ghlgglno, R. D. Wright, and D. Phillips, Time resolved fluorescence spectra in poly(styrene) and poly(1-vinyl-naphthalene), J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 16, 1499 (1978),... 

Poly(Styrene-co-l-Vinyl Naphthalene) and Poly(Vinyl Methyl Ether)... 

Table 14.1 Reactions photocatalyzed by poly(sodium styrene sulfonate-co-2-vinyl-naphthalene) in aqueous solution under solar irradiation [6].

Gallot has described the synthesis of poly(butadiene-b-vinyl naphthalene)while Szwarc has prepared p-xylylene block copolymers containing vinyl pyridine or styrene. These latter copolymers are prepared by producing p-xylylene vapor in the presence of "living" polystyrene or vinyl pyridine anions, or by the novel reaction of vinyl pyridine with p-xylylene radicals Block copolymers of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate have also been prepared( 0). 

Other polymers which have been the subject of thermal degradation studies include ethylene-vinyl acetate [29, 66, 67], ethylene-vinyl alcohol [68], poly(aryl-ether ketone) [69], poly-2-vinyl-naphthalene-co-methyl maleate [34], polyphenylenes based on diethyl-benzophenone [70], polyglycollide [71-73], poly(a-methylstyrene tricarbonyl chromium [74], polytetrahydrofuran [75], polylactide [76-78], poly(vinyl) cyclohexane [79], styrene-vinyl cyclohexane [80], isopropenylacetate-maleic dianhydride [80], polyethylene glycol containing a 1,3-disubstituted phenolic group [81], poly-2-vinyl naphthalene-co-methacrylate [34], collagen biopolymers [82], chitin graft poly (2-methyl-oxazoline - polyvinyl chloride blends [83], cellulose [32, 83-88] and side-chain cholestric elastomers [89, 90]. 

Schmitz et al. Styrene and vinyl naphthalene oligomers Packed column 25 cm x 4.6 mm LiChrosorb silica Si-60 Carbon dioxide-1,4-dioxane or pentane UV Pressure program eluent gradient... 

Preparation 7-2 A copolymer of 50% styrene sulfonate and 48% vinyl naphthalene and 2% divinyl benzene has been prepared in benzene solution. 2,2 -Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) is used as catalyst. 

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