Strophanthus species

From Strophanthus kombe and other Strophanthus species (preparation of / -strophanthin-a, q. v.). Reference(s) ... 

Types of Cardiac Glycoside. Three groups of plants produce cardenolides the Digitalis species, growing in temperate climates the Strophanthus species, of tropical provenance and Scilla (sea onion or squill), a Mediterranean plant. 

Baobab bark, fruit pulp and seeds appear to contain an antidote to poisoning by a number of Strophanthus species. The juice of these species has been widely used as an arrow poison especially in East Africa. In Malawi, a baobab extract is poured onto the wound of an animal killed in this way to neutralize the poison before the meat is eaten (Wickens, 1982, cited in 11, 10)). 

From the about 40 Strophanthus species, which grow mainly in Equatorial Africa, only two or three species are used in medicine S. kombe in East Africa and S. grains in Equatorial Africa and the Western part of Africa, where also the third species, 5. hispidus, is grown. 

Dideoxy-3-0- widely distributed, for example, 4, 6, 25 Many Strophanthus species. ... 

S-Deoxy Sugars.— Two members of the 2-deoxyaldohexose series have recently been found in small amounts. Somewhat more widely distributed are the two known 2,6-dideoxyhexoses (34) and (35), and still more frequent are their 3-methyl ethers. Members of the four theoretical pairs of this series are known, and those of the arabiuo, lyxo, and ribo configurations are found in glycosides in both enantiomorphs. D-Oleandrose has, however, been found only in lanafolein, which is not a cardenolide. It is remarkable that both diginoses occur in the Strophanthus species—the... 

Sarmentogenin (I) exists as the glucoside in the seeds of a number of Strophanthus species, and, since it is known to possess an 1 la-hydroxy... 

Stilhella thermophile, 152 Stillingia oil, 11,13,52,53,58 see also Chinese vegetable tallow Stillingic acid, 11 Stillingia sebifera, 58 Storage, 183,189 Streptococcus species, 35, 47,157 Strontium myristate, 328 Strophanthus species, 19 Structural determination, 272, 282 Structure, 142,159, 321, 322, 327, 332, 339,382... 

The distribution of cardiac glycosides in the plant varies in different species. Digitalis is obtained from the leaves and seeds strophanthus, from the seeds squill, from the bulbs Convallaria, from the flowers and ouabaio, from the wood and bark. In addition, there are saponin bodies that do not show the typical digitalis effect on the heart but which are extracted along with the glycosides, which possess the cardiac actions. 

Another arrow poison, common in South America, was curare, which was extracted from a plant (Chondrodendron). A constituent of this extract, tubocurarine, blocks transmission of nerve impulses to muscles, leading to complete paralysis and death from cessation of breathing. The chemical has been used as a drug for the purpose of relaxing the muscles of a patient. One of the arrow poisons used in Africa was extracted from a species of the plant Strophanthus and contained strophanthidin and oubain (pronounced waabain ). These have similar effects as digitalis on the heart and, in sufficient quantities, can be lethal. The poisoned patient would suffer from erratic rhythms of the heart, a slowing of the heart, and possibly uncontrolled movements of the heart muscle (ventricular fibrillation). 

A. Digoxin-specific Fab fragments will bind other cardiac glycosides including digitoxin, ouabain, oleander glycosides, and possibly glycosides in lily of the Nile, strophanthus, squill, and toad venom Bufo species cardenolides). 

Pais, M., F. X. Jarreau, P. Fouche, and R. Goutarel Adulteration of Strophanthus gratus Seeds. Alafine, a New Alkaloid Isolated from the Seeds of Alafia species and Alafia multiflora (Apocynaceae). Ann. Pharm. Fr. 29, 57 (1971). 

Cardiac glycosides. The most used sources of these are two species of Digitalis (foxglove), and various species of Strophanthus (for ouabain). All these glycosides have a 19-carbon steroid nucleus (see Section 13.2... 

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