Stretch Activation Experiments

Parts a c of Fig. 5 show 3-D plots of the changes in the 14.5 nm layer line and equatorial reflections measured during an activation cycle at 100 ms time resolution, and are to be compared with the tension transient shown in Fig. 5 b. Clearly active tension production is associated with a large depression of the intensity of the 14.5 nm 

A knowledge of the relationship between the loss of 14.5 nm meridional intensity and the actual number of attaching heads would be very useful indeed as a measure of head attachment in other situations, e.g. in the ATP jump experiments described in the next section. Since the high frequency stiffness, thought to be a measure of the 

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A sequence stretch 300 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start site suffices for most of the transcriptional regulation of the IL-6 gene (Fig. 1). Within this sequence stretch several transcription factors find their specific recognition sites. In 5 to 3 direction, AP-1, CREB, C/EBP 3/NF-IL6, SP-1 and NF-kB can bind to the promoter followed by TATA and its TATA binding protein TBP. Most enhancer factors become active in response to one or several different stimuli and the active factors can trigger transcription individually or in concert. For example, AP-1 is active upon cellular stress, or upon stimuli that tell cells to proliferate CREB becomes also active if cells experience growth signals, but also upon elevation of intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which occurs upon stimulation if so called hormone-activated G protein-coupled receptors. 

Recent experiments have revealed a second process leading to RyR-mediated Ca2+ release. The application of linear stress to single rabbit urinary bladder myocytes by stretching single cells at each end resulted in the consistent activation of repeated... 

Kotlikoff We haven t done this. We first glued pipettes onto the end of cells. We then also found that just producing a seal with patch pipettes allows us to stretch cells quite nicely. This allows us to voltage clamp and record the currents at the same time, which we do in one of those experiments, demonstrating activation of a Ca2+-activated CD current. 

It is more difficult to perform ultrafast spectroscopy on neat H20 (than it is on H0D/D20 or HOD/H20) since the neat fluid is so absorptive in the OH stretch region. One innovative and very informative technique, developed by Dlott, involves IR pumping and Raman probing. This technique has a number of advantages over traditional IR pump-probe experiments The scattered light is Stokes-shifted, which is less attenuated by the sample, and one can simultaneously monitor the populations of all Raman-active vibrations of the system at the same time. These experimental have been brought to bear on the spectral diffusion problem in neat water [18, 19, 75 77],... 

Similar to the TGA experiments, in situ Infrared Spectroscopy has been used to follow the amide bond stretching frequencies while heating under various atmospheres. ° These experiments (see Fig. 7.2) suggest that dendrimer removal requires relatively forcing conditions to maximize CO adsorption on supported Pt catalysts prepared from A variety of activation conditions have been... 

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