Stress image

Presently, only adenosine itself is approved for clinical use. It is used widely in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and in cardiac stress imaging to assess coronary artery disease [5]. Other agonists and antagonists and an allosteric modulator of the Ai receptor are in clinical trials for a variety of indications. 

Dual isotope SPECT protocols obtain resting images with t1 and stress images with MIBI followed by 24 h xi late redistribution imaging [39, 40]. These protocols have demonstrated good prediction of contractile function recovery after revascularization comparable to simpler single tracer protocols [41]. 

Figure 7.6 NMR parameter image of a strained poly(dimethylsiloxane) rubber band with a cut and calibration curves (a) Experimental curve for T2 versus strain, (b) Experimental stress-strain relationship, (c) Calibration curve for T2 versus strain obtained from combination of curves a and b, (d) Stress image obtained by recalibration of a T2 parameter image. The stress contours range from 0 to 2.4 MPa...

The incidence of major adverse reactions to dipyridamole was determined in a multicenter retrospective study, involving 73 806 patients who underwent intravenous dipjridamole stress imaging in 59 hospitals and 19 countries (4). The main conclusion was that the risk of serious dipjridamole-induced adverse effects is very low, a conclusion that is in line with other reports (5), and comparable to that reported for exercise testing in a similar patient population. Combined major adverse events among the entire patient population included 7 cardiac deaths (0.95 per 10000), 13 non-fatal myocardial infarctions (1.76 per 10000), 6 non-fatal sustained ventricular dysrhythmias (0.81 per 10000) (ventricular tachycardia in 2 and ventricular fibrillation in 4), 9 transient cerebral ischemic attacks (1.22 per 10000), 1 stroke, and 9 severe cases of bronch-ospasm (1.22 per 10000). Minor non-cardiac adverse effects were less frequent among the elderly and more frequent in women and patients taking maintenance aspirin. 

Rg. 1.1.7 [Blii2] Stress image of a stretched polydimethyl-siloxane band with a cut (right). 

Fig. 7.1.11 [BliiSJ Calibration of T2 values measured for different strains of filled PDMS rubber, (a) Experimental values of T2 versus integral strain, (b) Stress-strain curve from mechanical measurements, (c) The calibration curve of T2 versus integral stress obtained by combining the data from the NMR measurement (a) and mechanical measurement (b). These curves have been used to calibrate an experimental T2 image into the stress image Fig. 1.1.7 of a PDMS rubber band with a cut.

Fig. 10.2.3 Stress images of rubber bunds wiih a cut after correction tor spin density and relaxation effects, (a) H douhle-quantum (iltcrcd image ol poly(isopicnc) Sch6). (b) H double-quantum image at zi = I..1 of deulerated butadiene oligomers incorporated into a rubber band by swelling, (c) l-FM calculation of stress in a sample similar to (h) lKli2. ...

The detection of stress distributions in polymer materials underlines the unique contrast features available through NMR imaging. Stress distributions were first mapped by T2-parameter images and subsequent calibration to stress images [153]. T2 depends on strain, because strain effects the timescale and anisotropy of segmental dynamics in the intercross-link chains (cf. Section... 

Raman photoluminescence piezospectroscopy of bone, teeth and artificial joint materials has been reviewed by Pezzotti (2005) with emphasis placed on confocal microprobe techniques. Characteristic Raman spectra were presented and quantitative assessments of their phase structure and stress dependence shown. Vibrational spectroscopy was used to study the microscopic stress response of cortical bone to external stress (with or without internal damages), to define microscopic stresses across the dentine - enamel junction of teeth under increasing external compressive masticatory load and to characterise the interactions between prosthetic implants and biological environment. Confocal spectroscopy allows acquisition of spatially resolved spectra and stress imaging with high spatial resolution (Green etal., 2003 Pezzotti, 2005 Munisso etal., 2008). 

Most commonly, this recommendatloh Is for stress Imaging (MPS, echocardiography. MRI). In some patients and centers, coronary OTA Is the recommended additional test. 

Saito, Y., Motohashi, M., Hayazawa, N., and Kawata, S, (2008) Stress imaging of semiconductor surface by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. 

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