Storm events

In addition to the long-term acidification of waters, "episodic" or short duration events can have severe consequences for living organisms. In Canada, large amounts of the total annual precipitation are deposited through storm events or as snowfall. The large volumes of pollutants which can be released... 

Mitchell MJ, Bailey SW, Shanley JB et al (2008) Evaluating sulfur dynamics during storm events for three watersheds in the northeastern USA a combined hydrological, chemical and isotopic approach. Hydrol Process 22 4023 034... 

Guo L, Kelley K, Goh KS (2007) Evaluation of sources and loadings of pesticidas to the Sacrameto river, California, USA, during a storm event of winter. Environ Toxicol Chem 26 2274... 

The size of the soil-water reservoir in the cover soil should be adequate to contain extreme or design storm events. 

If properly designed, the soil-water reservoir of an ET cover will be only partially filled most of the time. The greatest amount of water that must be stored in the soil will be defined by major or critical events. The critical event may result from a single storm event or a series of storms. The model used for design or evaluation of an ET landfill cover should be capable of evaluating the cumulative effect of each day s water balance activity and thus identify critical events. 

Brown LE, Hannah DM (2007) Alpine stream temperature response to storm events. J Hydrometeorol 8 952... 

Aluminum occurs ubiquitously in natural waters as a result of the weathering of aluminum-containing rocks and minerals. Of the known geochemical responses to environmental acidification, the best documented is the mobilization of aluminum from terrestrial to aquatic environments (Campbell et al. 1992). This mobilization of aluminum is often episodic in nature and is associated with pH depressions (acidification) occurring during the spring snowmelt or associated with erosion from specific storm events (Campbell et al. 1992 Nelson and Campell 1991 Rosseland et al. 1990). 

A more detailed study of the role of rain in resuspension onto shoots was carried out by Dreicer et al. (1984). Tomato plants were grown outdoors and the quantity of soil particles <53 pm and 53-105 pm measured between 0-40 cm and >40 cm above ground level after four successive storm events. Table 7-12 shows that most deposition onto the foliage occurred within 40 cm of the ground and that there was generally an increase in this deposition with a successive number of storms. There are few studies of this type and there is a requirement for controlled experiments on the influence of different types of rain events (duration, intensity, droplet size) on both resuspension onto leaves and also removal of such contamination. 

Luther III, G.W., Ma, S., Trouwborst, R., Glazer, B., Blickley, M., Scarborough, R.W., and Mensinger, M.G. (2004) The roles of anoxia, H2S and storm events in fish kills of dead-end canals of Delaware inland bays. Estuaries 27, 551-560. 

The research of Bortolami and his coworkers (1978) provides an excellent example of a study aimed at a local calibration of an isotopic tracing technique. The variability observed between results of single samplings is probably extreme, since they worked on a karstic system which has a rapid response to individual storm events. 

All raw materials and products must be stored under cover. As a result, routine storm event monitoring will usually show no discharges are contained in storm water runoff. 

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