Stigmatization

Heterogeneous photochemical reactions fall in the general category of photochemistry—often specific adsorbate excited states are involved (see, e.g.. Ref. 318.) Photodissociation processes may lead to reactive radical or other species electronic excited states may be produced that have their own chemistry so that there is specificity of reaction. The term photocatalysis has been used but can be stigmatized as an oxymoron light cannot be a catalyst—it is not recovered unchanged. 

The choice of mass spectrometer for a particular analysis depends on the namre of the sample and the desired results. For low detection limits, high mass resolution, or stigmatic imaging, a magnetic sector-based instrument should be used. The analysis of dielectric materials (in many cases) or a need for ultrahigh depth resolution requires the use of a quadrupole instrument. 

Fig. 3.19. Basic set-up of a direct imaging magnetic sector instrument. The stigmatic secondary ion optics consists of an electrostatic analyzer (ESA) and a magnet sector field.

The direct imaging magnetic sector mass analyzer (Fig. 3.19) has the unique property that all parts (lenses, electrostatic analyzer and magnetic sector field) of the secondary ion optics are stigmatic (comparable with light microscopes). This means that all points of the surface are simultaneously projected into the analyzer. 

At the very least that medication is deemed necessary confirms having a condition that is highly stigmatized in many societies, and perhaps more in non-Western (Ng, 1997), and may lead patients to question their self-identity and capabilities in their personal and social roles (Carder, Vuckovic Green, 2003). Insight into the nature of psychiatric illness in turn affects patients attitude to medications (David, 1990) and compliance (Ziguras, Klimidis, Lambert etal, 2001). 

Fig. 3 Relative effects of rhamnetin, isorhamnetin and total extract from pollen of Phleum pratense on in situ (stigmatic) germination of pollen of Elytrigia repens. Data points are means and standard errors from 50 replicate samples.

So how could this research abet racism One possible route would be through disease-based stigmatization. Many ethnic groups have higher, and... 

This concern about stigmatization is, at its heart, an odd one. Public health statistics on varying levels of disease exist, both for nations and, in some cases, for ethnic groups within nations. Those statistics already show that some groups have higher rates of certain diseases than other groups do—but lower rates of other diseases. Even if observers focus only on the diseases with increased incidence, genetic research into the precise alleles responsible for the disease should not add information about the relative... 

A legislative goal to avoid the disparate impact on African Americans of a race-neutral medicine, which would disproportionately disadvantage African Americans, should not be impermissible just because racial categories are used. It neither stigmatizes, denigrates, nor harms African Americans or whites. It is a constitutionally acceptable way of meeting the health care needs of the population as a whole. Indeed, failure to take race into account could mean that the health needs of some members of the community will not be met. 

Stigmatization, disease-based, 75-77 Strict liability, 190, 191, 326-327 Structural Genomics Project, 41 Studies, federally funded, 280. See also Research... 

Ramalho-Santos M, Pissarra J, Verissimo P, Pereira S, Salema R, Pires E, Faro CJ. Cardosin A, an abundant aspartic proteinase, accumulates in protein storage vacuoles in the stigmatic papillae of Cynara cardunculus I. Planta 1997 203 204-212. 

For pollen-allelopathic breeding, plants with tall growth habit and relatively large quantity of pollen should be selected (Murphy and Aarssen 1989). Pollen of these species could be artificially dusted on the stigmatic surface of other plants. This phenomenon is yet to be studied and field tested. 

As a researcher and therapist, I also do not like the use of colloquial terms such as addict or junkie. These terms, although potentially helpful for some who find recovery in self-help programs, are not useful for everyone with a drug problem, and can be demeaning to some. In fact, some of my clients have been put off by such labels in treatment, and found them stigmatizing, and therefore potentially harmful. Besides, such terms are highly pejorative and uncomplimentary descriptions of behavior and are not diagnostically accurate terms (i.e., are not defined in the DSM-IV). I choose not to use these terms with my own clients for these reasons. 

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