Steroid hormone receptors cancer

The labelling of steroid hormone-receptor ligands is important, since it would probably allow early detection and treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Attempts to apply the second-generation approach in which a chelator is conjugated to the steroid have been made, but with little success so far. Both the [3 + 1] approach and derivatization of the [Tc(CO)3]" core have been... 

In addition, it will be our intention to present a deeper insight into the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, which will allow definition of new targets and approaches for the treatment of endocrine-responsive cancer. Enzymes involved in mechanisms of steroid hormone biosynthesis might be novel targets for endocrine therapy. Moreover, further therapeutic indications for modulators of steroid hormone receptors will be discussed. In summary, many promising new opportunities for endocrine therapy of breast and prostate cancer are now arising. 

Hoffmann J, Sommer A. Steroid hormone receptors as targets for the therapy of breast and prostate cancer— recent advances, mechanisms of resistance, and new approaches. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 93 191-200. 

Eissa, S., Khalifa, A., el-Gharib, A., Salah, N., and Mohamed, N. K. (1997) Multivariate analysis of DNA ploidy, p53, c-erbB-2 proteins, EGFR, and steroid hormone receptors for prediction of poor short term prognosis in breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 17, 1417-1423. 

The use of CL as a prognostic indicator has been best studied in breast cancer. Most studies measured CL from tumor extracts and correlated high levels of CL with a decrease in relapse-free survival. CL appears to be an independent prognostic marker in both node-negative and nodepositive breast cancer, especially when combined with other prognostic markers such as CB, CD, node status, and steroid hormone receptor status. 

Kaiser U, Hofmann J, Schilli M, et al. Steroid-hormone receptors in cell lines and tumor biopsies of human lung cancer. Int J Cancer. 1996 67 357-364. 

Koneeny G, Pauletti G, Pegram M, et al. Quantitative association between HER-2/neu and steroid hormone receptors in hormone receptor-positive primary breast cancer. / Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 95 142-153. 

B8. Bojar, H., Staib, W., Beck, K., and Pilaski, J., Investigations of the thermostability of steroid hormone receptors in lyophilized calf uterine tissue powder. Cancer (Philadelphia) 46,2770-2774 (1980). 

Smith, R. G., Quality control in steroid hormone receptor assays. Cancer (Philadelphia) 46, 2946-2949 (1980). 

McGuire, W. L., Steroid Hormone Receptors and Disease Breast Cancer. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 162 22-5, 1979. 

Whether SI consumption leads to differential effects in EQU producers and nonproducers is less clear in relation to cancer risk. There was no difference in mammographic density following a 1-y SP intervention in PMW compared to a milk protein control and this was unaffected by EQU status (Verheus et al. 2008). However, changes in gene expression, some of which were involved in pathways that are related to cell differentiation, increased cAMP signaling and G-protein-coupled protein metabolism, and increased steroid hormone receptor activity, were more marked in the lymphocytes of EQU producers compared to EQU nonproducers (Niculescu et al. 2007). 

Drugs that can be used to control tumour cell proliferation inhibit a variety of enzymes, including thymidylate synthase and topoisomerase (Chapter 20). The enzyme aromatase converts a ring in a steroid to an aromatic ring. It converts, for example, adrenal steroid hormones into female sex hormones, which bind to oestrogenic receptors in the ovary or breast and increase the risk of ovarian or breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors are used to treat patients with breast or ovarian cancers that are sensitive to oestrogen. Unfortunately, none of the inhibitors is specific for enzymes in tumour cells and they can therefore have severe side-effects (Chapter 21). 

In summary, research on steroid receptor action will provide many opportunities to further improve treatment of hormone-dependent cancers. 

Although steroids have been studied for many years, steroid hormones continue to be a rich area of medicinal chemistry study. Steroids continue to be evaluated for their therapeutic role in the treatment of cancer, especially malignancies whose growth characteristics are hormonally responsive. In recent years, the increased recognition of the role of steroids in the brain has resulted in ongoing projects to evaluate steroids as general anasthetics and anticonvulsants. Also, the search for compounds that bind to steroid receptors, but which are not steroidal in their molecular structure, is another important area of research. 

The mechanisms of action of steroid hormones on lymphoid, mammary, and prostatic cancer have been partially clarified. Specific cell surface receptors have been identified for estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, and androgens in neoplastic cells in these tissues. As in normal cells, steroid hormones also form an intracellular steroid-receptor complex that ultimately binds directly to nuclear proteins associated with DNA to activate transcription of a broad range of cellular genes involved in cell growth and proliferation (see Chapter 39 Adrenocorticosteroids Adrenocortical Antagonists). 

Steroid hormones, acting through their receptors, play important roles in the normal development and function of many organs. In addition, they are involved in the pathogenesis of many types of cancer [146], Several reports confirmed that many kallikreins are under steroid hormone regulation in endocrine-related tissues and cell lines [100, 147-155],... 

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