Sterilisation application

This powerful oxidant is technically of great importance for bleaching and sterilisation applications, and contact with reducants or combustible materials must be... 

Miscellaneous Applications. PEIs and their derivatives ate used as cementation auxihaties in cmde oil exploration (459), and for breaking cmde oil emulsions (460) in cmde oil extraction. Seed coatings of water-soluble copolymers containing polyethyleneimine have been developed (461). Polyethyleneimine derivatives have positive photoresist properties (462) amidated polyethyleneimines improve the flow properties of cement (463) and with few exceptions, A/-acyla2iddines act as chemical sterilisers for insects (464). 

R. R. Ernst, Industrial Sterilisation Ethylene Oxide Gaseous Sterilisation for Industrial Applications Duke University Press, Durham, N.C., 1973. 

Sterilisable mouldings have found application in medicine and pharmacy. Because of their durability, nylon hair combs have found wide acceptance in spite of their higher cost. 

Other, more recently developed, uses include microwave oven parts, transparent pipelines, chemical plant pumps and coffee machine hot water dispensers. One exceptional use has been to produce, by an extrusion moulding process, very large rollers for textile finishing for use where cast nylons cannot meet the specification. Also of growing interest are medical equipment applications that may be repeatedly steam-sterilised at 134°C, filtration membranes and cartridges for ink-jet printers. 

The rubbers are also used for such diverse applications as blood transfusion tubing capable of sterilisation, antibiotic container closures, electric iron gaskets, domestic refrigerators and non-adhesive rubber-covered rollers for handling such materials as confectionery and adhesive tape. The cold-curing rubbers are of value in potting and encapsulation. 

Dairy work Applications include vessels for milk storage and sterilisation, cooling units, cream separators and cheese and butter-making equipment, as well as general dairy fittings, bottle-washing machinery and tankers for bulk milk transport. Extensive use is made of these steels in equipment used in production of ice cream and dried milk. 

EC verification provides an alternative to the model of establishing a certified production QA system. Independent testing of either all devices, or a statistically representative sample of each batch, is conducted by or on behalf of the Notified Body, which then issues a certificate of conformity for the tests conducted. This is not a popular option due to the costs involved. The procedure is not capable of providing adequate assurance as to the sterility of devices. Instead, an assurance of sterility must be based on the application of a production QA system to the sterilisation process. 

Changes to an approved device that could affect its safety or effectiveness must be submitted to the FDA as a supplemental application. These include changes to the indications for use, changes to the labelling, packaging or sterilisation procedures. 

Salmona et al. [66] used El and CIMS to identify benzothiazole derivatives leached into injections by rubber plunger seals from disposable syringes. One of the compounds was used as a rubber vulcanisation accelerator, and four others were formed during syringe sterilisation with ethylene oxide. Applications of hyphenated chemical impact mass-spectrometric techniques are described elsewhere GC-MS (Section 7.3.1.2), for polar and nonpolar volatile organics, SFC-MS (Section 13.2.2) and TLC-MS (Section 7.3.5.4). 

The intensity of ionising radiation at the earth s surface is not high enough to significantly affect plastics, hence radiation exposure tests are only required in connection with applications in nuclear plant and possibly where radiation is used for sterilisation or to induce crosslinking. 

Since MIPs are highly stable and can be sterilised, they are valuable for use in biotransformation processes (Ramstrom and Mosbach, 1999). The application of MIP in catalytic reaction has been demonstrated with reference to the enzymic condensation of Z-L-aspartic acid with L-phenylalanine methyl ester to give Z-aspartame (Ye et al., 1999). In this study, when the product-imprinted polymer was present, a considerable increase (40%) in product yield was found. 

The last two methods are not generally applicable to the small laboratory except insofar as low pressure mercury vapour lamps emitting light of 254 nm may be used to sterilise the air in aseptic rooms and cabinets (see 9.4.1). 

In most of the above-mentioned processes, high operation temperatures are necessary while the reaction atmospheres usually contain considerable amounts of steam because water is one of the reactants, or because water is added to reduce coke formation. Also in food processing and medical applications, steam is often used for sterilisation. Thus, in many applications the membranes must be sufficiently stable in environments of both increased temperature and containing steam. In this work, this is called hydrothermal stability. 

Sterilisation of blood products and other organ transplant tissues opens another area for photodynamic effect applications. Photodynamic activity of some inorganic sensitizers together with their photocatalytic activity can be very useful in water, air, and surface detoxification (see Chapter 21). APDT can be a new approach for safe food. The reduction of several Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts has been observed in tests with visible light and haematoporphyrin or chlorophylls (natural constituents of food) as photosensitizers [54],... 

Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) polyesters are made from 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid or 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester. They have higher temperature resistance than amorphous PET and are increasingly used in applications requiring heat sterilisation of the food/drink, although PEN at the moment is significantly more expensive. Table 10.5 lists commonly used substances in polyesters. 

---