Step roughening

The thermal roughening of naturally chiral metal surfaces must have some impact on their enantiospecific interactions with chiral adsorbates. Sholl et al. have also studied the effects of step roughening on the adsorption of small chiral molecules [11, 17]. Molecular simulation of small chiral alkanes adsorbed on ideal and roughened Pt(643) surfaces revealed that enantioselectivity is preserved during... 

Chemistry. Successful electroless plating depends on the optimized interaction of five separate complex chemical solutions (1) to clean, roughen, and catalyze the surface before plating. These steps are critical for formation of an adherent continuous electroless coating, and for optimum durabHity after electrolytic plating. 

Despite the above comments on the application of roughening to thin polymer crystals it is certainly possible that thermal effects could cause a significant number of surface steps, and that this is all that is required to lead to a breakdown of the nucleation argument. 

Solid metal electrodes with a crystalline structure are different. The crystal faces forming the surface of these electrodes are not ideal planes but always contain steps (Fig. 5.24). Although equilibrium thermal roughening corresponds to temperatures relatively close to the melting point, steps are a common phenomenon, even at room temperature. A kink half-crystal position—Fig. 5.24c) is formed at the point where one step ends and the... 

The oxidation-reduction cycles (ORCs) necessary to roughen the electrode surface are generally performed as potential steps, linear sweeps with a... 

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