Steenbock

D. E. Nichols, P. C. WiUiamson, and D. R. Waggoner, paper presented at The Steenbock-Kettering International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation, Madison, Wis., June 12-16, 1978. 

Voelker (1916a) reported three early dental silicate cements which appeared in 1895, 1897 and 1902 all proved inadequate. The first successful material was developed by Steenbock (1903,1904) who explicitly sought and formulated a translucent cement (Voelker, 1916a,b). It was marketed by Ascher in 1904 as New Enamel Richters Harvadid cement followed in the same year. Thereafter development was rapid and eight varieties were reported by Morgenstem in 1905. However, from their chemical composition we doubt whether they were sufficiently translucent. 

The glasses used by Steenbock in his original compositions were mixtures of calcium aluminosilicates and beryllium silicates but, as Dreschfeld reported in 1907, subsequent developments moved away from the use of beryllium compounds. Published chemical analyses in the period to 1916 (Voelker, 1916a Greve, 1913 Watts, 1915) confirmed Dreschfeld s statement. In the following we shall refer to these as oxide glasses. 

The setting reaction of dental silicate cement was not understood until 1970. An early opinion, that of Steenbock (quoted by Voelker, 1916a,b), was that setting was due to the formation of calcium and aluminium phosphates. Later, Ray (1934) attributed setting to the gelation of silicic acid, and this became the received opinion (Skinner Phillips, 1960). Wilson Batchelor (1968) disagreed and concluded from a study of the acid solubility that the dental silicate cement matrix could not be composed of silica gel but instead could be a silico-phosphate gel. However, infrared spectroscopy failed to detect the presence of P-O-Si and P-O-P bonds (Wilson Mesley, 1968). 

Steenbock, P. (1903). Verfahren zur Herstellung einer durch Behandlung mit Phosphorsauren und deren Salzen erhartenden Masse. Kaiserliches Patent 174,558. 

Steenbock, P. (1904). Improvements in and relating to the manufacture of a material designed for the production of cement. British Patent 15,181. 

Steenbock M, Klapper M, Mullen K, Pinhal N, Hubrich M (1996) Acta Polym 47 276... 

Many animal species excrete more calcium if fed an acid or acidforming compounds. In the calf, Steenbock and coworkers (13) observed hypercalciuria and acidic urine after feeding hydrochloric acid to the calf. Stehle (14) pointed out that calcium represented the main long-term fixed base to be lost in the urine of the dog loaded with excessive amounts of hydrochloric acid. Walzer and Browder (15) demonstrated that when infused with a sulfate containing solution, the dog excreted several fold more acid and calcium than saline-infused controls the increased calcium loss returned to normal upon removal of the sulfate. Marone, et al. (16) demonstrated increased excretion of calcium in the acidotic dog. Correction of the acidosis reduced the excessive fractional calcium excretion rate, but did not alter sodium excretion. 

Meat consumption was accompanied by more sulfate output in the urine. This agrees with earlier feeding studies in which animals were fed any of several fixed acids which had been reported to result in increased calcium loss (13, 17). Feeding hydrochloric acid, Goto (17)showed that calcium carbonate was simultaneously lost from the bones of rabbits. A similar conclusion was drawn by Steenbock, et al. (13) who demonstrated a loss of both calcium and phosphorus mediated by hydrochloric acid. These data were consistent with the sulfate infused dog. In the dog, Walzer and Browder (15) showed that sulfate feeding increased calcium losses along with sulfate loss. This confirmed results that Lamb and Evvard (32) reported for the Pig-... 

Maier RJ, Olson JW, Eox J. 1997. Nickel-dependent expression and maturation of hydrogenase. In Ludden PW. Burris JE, editor. Biosynthesis and function of metal clusters for enzymes the 25th Steenbock Symposinm Proceedings. Madison University of Wisconsin, p 133-42. 

Jackson, W. B. Ashton, A. D. 8th Steenbock Symp., Vitamin K metabolism and Vitamin K-dependent proteins. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1979... 

However, it was not until 1924, when Steenbock and Hess showed that irradiation of certain foods generated protective activity against the disease, that vitamin D (calciferol) was recognized as a second lipid-soluble vitamin. Vitamin D is a family of compounds formed by the irradiation of A5/7-unsaturated sterols such as ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol. The former yields ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and the latter cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). 

Cleland WW, Northrop DB, O Leary MH. Isotope effects on enzyme-catalyzed reactions [Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Harry Steenbock Symposium, held in Madison, Wisconsin, on June 4 and 5,1976]. Baltimore University Park Press 1977. 

Patenting university research Harry Steenbock and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Isis 80 (1989) ... 

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