Steel-making materials

F. Dal-Molin, E. Aries, R. Fisher, D. Anderson and S. Johnston, Naturally occurring radioisotopes (polonium-210 / lead-210) in steel-making materials and the iron ore sintering process. CETAS, Proceedings of international workshop Progress in Analytical Chemistry Materials, Luxembourg, 2011, 139 - 146. 

F. Dal-Molin, D. Anderson and D. Read, Determination of polonium-210 and lead-210 in iron- and steel-making materials, 2014, ERA12, Bath, UK. 

To further understand the behaviour of these radionuclides and to support the ciurent EPR2011 permits, Tata Steel UK has developed in-house radioanalytical methods for the measurement of °Po and °Pb in a wide range of iron and steel-making materials including raw materials, waste dusts and emission samples. The methods have been validated and accredited by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) according to the International Standard Organisation (ISO) 17025. 

Determination of Polonium-210 and Lead-210 in Iron- and Steel-Making Materials... 

Bulk Chemical Composition of Iron- and Steel-making Materials... 

Two in-house radioanalytical methods have been validated for the measurement of Po and Pb in a wide range of iron- and steel-making materials using in-house reference materials. The methods have been accredited by UKAS according to the EN lEC/ ISO 17025 2005. 

Douglas E. Lowenhaupt, M.S., Group Leader, Coke Laboratory, CONSOL, Inc. Member, American Society for Testing and Materials, Iron and Steel Making Society, International Committee for Coal Petrology (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)... 

Cost rules out almost all alternative materials for long-distance pipe lines it is much cheaper to build and protect a mild steel pipe than to use stainless steel instead - even though no protection is then needed. The only competing material is a polymer, which is completely immune to wet corrosion of this kind. City gas mains are now being replaced by polymeric ones but for large diameter transmission lines, the mechanical strength of steel makes it the preferred choice. 

In this connection it must be pointed out that standard samples which have been analysed by a number of skilled analysts are commercially available. These include certain primary standards (sodium oxalate, potassium hydrogenphthalate, arsenic(III) oxide, and benzoic acid) and ores, ceramic materials, irons, steels, steel-making alloys, and non-ferrous alloys. 

Amorphous slags— which are by-products of iron- and steel-making processes—constitute another example of Mg-containing glassy materials studied using Mg MQMAS NMR experiments at high magnetic... 

Historical Open-Hearth Process. For well over a century prior to the I96t)s. ihe open-licarlh process was die principal means for making sieel. As of tlte late If 80s. open-hearth steels had dropped from well over 90% of lolal steel production to less than 10% of steel produclion. The attraction of the basic open-hearth system over many decades was versatility in handling a variety of raw materials required for most grades of steel. Raw material charges could he 100% scrap. 100% hot metal, or scrap and hot metal in all intermediate ratios. 

The main metals which are recycled include aluminium and iron. Aluminium is saved by many households as drinks cans and milk bottle tops, to be melted down and recast. Iron is collected at community tips in the form of discarded household goods and it also forms a large part of the materials collected by scrap metal dealers. Iron is recycled to steel. Many steel-making furnaces run mainly on scrap iron. 

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