Stationary phases porous graphitized carbon

Besides silica, silica-based and polymeric stationary phases, porous graphitized carbon (PGC), zirconium oxide and its derivatives, alumina and its derivatives have been used for the solution of special separation problems which cannot be easily solved by using traditional HPLC stationary phases. 

Bassler BJ, Hartwick RA. 1989. The application of porous graphitic carbon as an HPLC stationary phase. J Chromatogr Sci 27(4) 162-165. 

Porous graphitic carbon deposited on silica8 is a stationary phase that exhibits increased retention of nonpolar compounds relative to retention by C18. Graphite has high affinity for polar compounds and separates isomers that cannot be separated on Clg. The stationary phase is stable in 10 M acid and 10 M base. 

S. Mazan, G. Cretier, N. Gilon, J.-M. Mermet, and J.-L. Rocca, Porous Graphitic Carbon as Stationary Phase for LC-ICPMS Separation of Arsenic Compounds. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1281. For another robust stationary phase, see C. J. Dunlap, C. V. McNeff, D. Stoll, and P. W. Carr, Zirconia Stationary Phases for Extreme Separations, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 599A. 

B. J. Clark, Resolution of chiral compounds by HPLC using mobile phase additives and a porous graphitic carbon stationary phase, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 7 1883-1888 (1989). 

J.-P. Mercier, Ph. Morin, M. Dreux and A. Tambute, Liquid chromatography analysis of phosphonic acids on porous graphitic carbon stationary phase with evaporative light-scattering and mass spectrometry detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 849, 197-207 (1999). 

Chaimbault, R et al. Ion pair chromatography on a porous graphitic carbon stationary phase for the analysis of 20 underivatized protein amino acids. J. Chromatogr. A. 2000,... 

Rinne, S. et al. Limitations of porous graphitic carbon as stationary phase material in the determination of catecholamines. J. Chromatogr. A. 2006, 1119, 285-293. 

I. Clarot, D. Cledat, S. Battu, and P. J. P. Cardot, Chromatographic study of terpene derivatives on porous graphitic carbon stationary phase with P-cyclodextrin as mobile phase modifier, J. Chromatogr. A 903 (2000), 67. 

Polydivinylbenzene and polystyrene polymer based stationary phases also eliminate these effects. Porous graphitic carbon provides a highly non-polar surface with excellent chemical stability under acidic and basic conditions. However, they suffer from lower sample loading capacity and lower efficiency than conventional columns. 

Figure 7.16 Separation of prodrug isomers on porous graphitic carbon [reproduced with permission from C. Bell, E.W. Tsai, D.P. Ip and D.J. Mathre, J. Chromatogr. A, 675, 248 (1994)]. Conditions column, 10cm x 4.6 mm i.d. stationary phase. Hypercarb, 5 a.m mobile phase, 1.5 ml min 0.02 M potassium phosphate pH 6.8/acetonitrile (55 45) UV detector, 220 nm.

Water extract analyzed by two-dimensional LC (SEC and RP on porous graphitic carbon stationary phase) with ICP-MS detection. Two Se-containing fractions were isolated and analyzed by nanoESI-MS and MS-MS... 

Mazan, S., Cretier, G., Gilon, N., Mermet, J. M., Rocca, J. L. Porous graphitic carbon as stationary phase for LC-ICPMS separation of arsenic compounds in water. Anal Chem 2002, 74, 1281-1287. Bissen, M., Frimmel, F. H. Speciation of As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA in contaminated soil extracts by HPLC-ICP/MS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2000, 367, 51-55. 

Porous graphitic carbon (section 4.2.5) is an inert but highly retentive sorbent under supercritical fluid chromatography conditions. Supercritical carbon dioxide is a weak eluent for porous graphitic carbon and even compounds such as naphthalene are difficult to elute in a reasonable time [72]. Low molecular mass polar compounds generally have poor peak shapes, but in this case most likely due to limited solubility in tbe mobile phase rather than undesirable interactions with active sites on the stationary phase. The flat surface of porous graphitic carbon leads to preferential adsorption of... 

A wide variety of native and derivatized CyDs are available for use as mobile phase additives in HPLC. In liquid chromatography to study the interaction of CyDs with guest molecules, the information about cydodextrin adsorption on the stationary phase is very substantial. It should be noted that the separation ability of bonded CyDs and CyDs added to the mobile phase in HPLC is not always the same (see below). To assess the adsorption of CyDs on the stationary phase, the chromatographic properties of native and permethylated CyDs applied in RP18 and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column have been studied [25-29]. On the RP18 column the adsorption of yS-CyD is much stronger than that of a- or y-CyDs. On the PGC, the order of elution is a- < < y-CyD, in accordance with the increase of... 

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