Staphylococcus aureus lysis

Figure 26-1 Plaques formed by bacteriophage c )ll growing on Staphylococcus aureus. Each transparent (dark) plaque is the result of lysis of bacteria by the progeny of a single bacteriophage particle. Courtesy of Peter Pattee.

Osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone) is accompanied by bone lysis and infected osteoblasts are caused due to the release of inflammatory mediators such as the cytokines. Treatment with EGCG has been shown to inhibit release of certain cytokines in osteoblasts infected with Staphylococcus aureus, thereby proving beneficial in osteomyelitis treatment. ... 

Enterotoxins. Toxic proteins formed by bacteria with molecular masses in the range from 27000 to 30000 which are usually excreted into the medium ( exotoxins). E. can be taken up with contaminated food or be formed by the bacteria colonizing the intestinal walls. Finally, the bacteria can penetrate the intestinal walls and then start to excrete the E. Some E. are thermally very stable and survive when food is boiled. E. from Salmonella and Staphylococcus species are the most frequent causes of food poisoning. Shortly after uptake, the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and circulatory complaints occur. Deaths are rare and occur only when the subject is already in a weakened state. The sites of attack by E. vary, e.g., at intestinal epithelial cells or in the vegetative nervous system. For the production of antitoxins, E. are obtained by lysis of bacterial cells or from cell-free culture filtrates. E. have been detected, e. g., in the following bacterial species Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli. Vibrio cholerae. Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis. 

Carson, C. R, Mee, B. J., Rilet, T. V. 2002. Mechanism of action of Melaleuca altemifoila (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy, 48 1914-1920. 

E. coll was also engineered to produce Staphylococcus aureus a-hanolysin (SAH) (Jean et al., 2014), a pore-forming protein/toxin that has been recently found to be naturally secreted in a fully functional form in E. coli and to aggressively kill mammalian cancer cells (Swofford et al., 2014). Microbial synthesized SAH was found to increase necrotic tissue and quickly reduce tumor volume (Jean et al., 2014) by creating pores that disrupt and destroy mammalian cellular membranes, as well as induce cell swelling and lysis (Swofford et al., 2014). 

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