Staphylococci antibacterial effects against

Penicillin V is a narrow-spectrum penicillin and has similar antibacterial activity to benzylpenicillin. It is active against many streptococcal infections, but it is inactivated by penicillinases. Flucloxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant antibiotic and is effective against infections caused by penicillin-resistant staphylococci. In comparison to penicillin V, attachment of carbocyclic/heterocyclic ring directly to the C6 carbonyl group confers resistance to beta-lactamases due to steric hindrance around the amide group. 

Isepamicin is similar to amikacin but has better activity against strains that produce type I 6 -acetyltransferase. It can cause nephrotoxicity, vestibular toxicity, and ototoxicity. However, it is one of the less toxic of the aminoglycosides (1). The antibacterial spectrum of isepamicin includes Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococci anaerobes, Neisseriae, and streptococci are resistant (1). Isepamicin was as effective and safe as amikacin in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children and might prove an advantageous alternative in areas with a high incidence of resistance to other aminoglycosides (2). 

Oleandomycin, a 14-membered ring macrolide antibiotic, was isolated in 1956 from fermentation broths of Streptomyces antibioticus [360]. Some years later, oleandomycin was assigned the structure 340 on the basis of its chemical degradation [361]. Oleandomycin is effective, but less potently, against the same spectrum of bacteria as erythromycin, namely Gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci, streptococci, and pneumococci. The antimicrobial activity of oleandomycin, when combined with tetracycline, is potentiated. In fact, in such a combination it is sold as an antibacterial agent for upper and lower respiratory tract infection. 

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