Staining, electron microscopy

More than half of the total mass of the ATPase molecule is exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane, forming the 40-A x 60-A particles seen by negative staining electron microscopy [88 93]. 

We then investigated the formation of hybrid molecular assemblies in combinations of anionic peptide lipid 9 with cage-type hosts 7 and 8 after a previous method [44], Lamella-type aggregates are observed for a mixture of host 7 and lipid 9 at a 1 20 molar ratio in the dispersion state by negative staining electron microscopy. Phase transition parameters (temperature at peak maximum, T enthalpy change, AH entropy change, dS half-width of an endothermic peak, and hydrodynamic diameters (d,y) for the bilayer... 

Macroscopically, elastin appears to be an amorphous mass. Ultrastruc-tural electron microscopy studies reveal that elastin has a fibrillar substructure comprised of parallel-aligned 5nm thick filaments that appear to have a twisted ropelike structure (Gotte et al., 1974 Pasquali-Ronchetti et al, 1998). A variety of techniques have been used to resolve these filaments, including negative staining electron microscopy of sonicated fragments of purified elastic fibers (Serafini-Fracassini et al., 1976), freeze... 

Most of the phytoplasmas infecting medicinal plants were characterized on the basis of symptoms, DAPI staining, electron microscopy, PCR/RFLP analysis and phylogenetic relatedness. 

The results using tubulin purified from treated animals were confirmed and extended with microtubules treated in vitro with 2,5-HD (40). In vitro incubation with high concentrations of 2,5-HD generated a markedly altered tubulin that could assemble in the absence of added GTP, could readily nucleate the assembly of control tubulin, and was resistant to cold-induced disassembly. The induction of these 2,5-HD-induced assembly alterations required that the incubation take place with assembled microtubules. Negative-stain electron microscopy showed that 2,5-HD incubation followed by assembly led to shorter microtubules than control assemblies, a result explained by the treatment-related induction of numerous nucleating seeds. 

In our laboratory, we routinely measure the size of the liposomes by negative stain electron microscopy but if you have the access to a particle size you will get the results quickly. 

While neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has been described as a marker of neuronal tumors in reviews and texts, this author finds that it has better uses than this. The shortcoming for neuronal tumors is its propensity to also stain glial tumors, which commonly need to be distinguished from neuronal tumors. 7 Experimental IFIC stains such as Neu-N identify neurons by showing their on-target nuclear features rather than their cytoplasmic or confusing surface features. " 425 cases refractory to immu-nohistochemical stains, electron microscopy positively identifies Nissl substance, neurofilaments, neurosecretory granules, and synapses in neoplastic cells. 

This conclusion was confirmed by complementary negative stain electron microscopy experiments whose results are shown in Fig. 9. Although this method is less quantitative, it shows the features expected from the X-ray patterns, i.e., an anti-phasic increase and decrease of microtubules and oligomers, typically 20 to 100 nm in length. 

To prove the formation of vesicles a number of indirect techniques can be used such as dynamic light scattering, the use of fluorescent probes and pulsed field gradient NMR self-diffusion measurements. Some more direct techniques such as freeze-fracture and negative staining electron microscopy are less biased by the interpretation of the scientist, but also these methods have their limitations. Cryo-electron microscopy, as introduced by Dubochet in the 80s, is the method of choice when it comes to visualization of small colloidal structures. Recent developments in the vitrification of specimens make it now possible to observe vesicles and other aggregated structures artifact free. 

In this study we have determined by means of H and C NMR spectroscopy the conformation and some electronic aspects of CPZ HCl and CPZ base in a variety of solvents and in the presence of electron acceptors. The NMR experiments were complemented by negative stain electron microscopy. 

The purified PSII complexes were analysed by negative staining electron microscopy after dissociation and purification from bilipro-teins. Two particle classes are distinguished spherical-ellipsoidal and binary particles. The dominant structures are the binary particles. They measure 22 x 11 nm and are divided perpendicular to their long axis by a lace into two spherical-ellipsoidal parts of about 11 nm. Aggregations of these binary particles to rows also occurred. These binary particles are very similar in their appearance compared to the "in situ" EF-particles. The second particle class is represented by spherical-ellipsoidal particles of about 11 x 14 nm they are supposed to be the building blocks of the binary particles. 

Between the lining of chief cells and the basal membrane, clusters of large polygonal cells are interdis-persed. Their cytoplasm stains readily with acidophilic stains. Electron microscopy has revealed that the plasma membranes of these cells form invaginations and evaginations. The invaginations penetrate deep inside the cell, giving the appearance of intracellular canaliculi. 

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