Stabilizing elements

The introduction of Hquid crystals as stabilizing elements for emulsions occurred in 1969 when it was found that the sudden stabilization at emulsifier concentrations in excess of 2.5% of a water—% xylene emulsion by a commercial octa(ethylene glycol) nonylphenyl ether was due to the formation of a Hquid crystalline phase in the emulsion (26). Later investigations confirmed the strong stabilizing action of these stmctures (27). 

Specify stabilized grades of stainless steel. An alternative method to prevent chromium carbide formation is to charge the alloy with substances whose affinity for carbon is greater than that of chromium. These substances will react preferentially with the carbon, preventing chromium carbide formation and thereby leaving the chromium uniformly distributed in the metal. The carbon content of the alloy does not have to be reduced if sufficient quantities of these stabilizing elements are present. Titanium is used to produce one stabilized alloy (321) and niobium is used to provide another (347). Note the cautions below. 

Alloys other than those shown in Figure 1 are also suitable for resisting high temperature hydrogen attack. These include modifled carbon steels and low alloy steels to which carbide stabilizing elements (molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, titanium, or niobium) have been added. European alloys and heat-treating practices have been summarized by Class.11 Austenitic stainless steels are resistant to decarburization even at temperatures above 1000°F (538°C).12... 

Die Chemie des Technetiums wurde mittels des langlebigen Isotops Tc 99 (272 = 2,12 102 5 Jahre) (30) erforscht, das sich praktisch wie ein stabiles Element verhalt und keinen besonderen Strahlungsschutz er-fordert. 

With special techniques it is possible to stabilize the laser frequency down to some 10 sec" 38,39) and promising experiments with the infrared line X = 3.39p of the He-Ne laser indicatethat a stability of 10 cycles/sec or better may be obtained when using the saturated absorption of molecules inside the laser resonator as the stabilizing element (see Section IV.3). 

Shaping the gain-frequency curve of the control OA requires knowing the value of feedback resistor Rf (Fig. 7.1) and an estimate of the cell roll-off frequency fs. First-order approximations for the stabilizing elements are... 

While this review focused mainly on reduced metals inside zeolite cavities, the brief mention of NO , abatement by zeolite-supported Cu illustrates the potential for environmental catalysis it also opens prospectives for stabilizing elements in unusual valence states, in addition to unusual states of aggregation and complexation. 

Folding, in essence, is based on a thermodynamic minimum free-energy criterion. The base pair is the most important stabilizing element of the... 

Many of the methods discussed in the previous sections may be extended to more complex substitution patterns. The sections covering alkene formation are divided according to the stabilizing substituent on the anion component. For each stabilizing element, its application to the synthesis of alkenes with precise geometries is discussed. 

According to these authors, the stabilizing elements are incorporated either... 

Ans. The octet rule is illustrated in Problem 2.55. When the outermost s and p subshells of elements in any period are filled, with a total of eight electrons, the elements are in the greatest state of stability. Elements other than the noble gases can achieve that state by either gaining electrons to form negative ions, or by losing electrons to form positive ions. 

Austenitic steels containing titanium or niobium as stabilizing elements tend to absorb carbon from sodium and they withstand decarburization by liquid lithium, thus suppressing a carbon transfer, which might be caused by the presence of vanadium based alloys. 

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