Stabilization thermodynamics

So the difference between nucleophiles and bases is a difference of function. And now we can also appreciate that nucleophilicity is a measure of a kinetic phenomenon (rate of reaction), while basicity is a measure of stability (thermodynamic phenomenon). 

Laves phases, stability, thermodynamics, thermodynamic modelling. 

Attempts to detect a thermally populated triplet state ( A ) of 8 by ESR spectroscopy were unsuccessful. This was attributed to the high reactivity of the diradical, which presumably easily abstracts hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon matrices (to form p-quinodimethane), even at very low temperatures. In this context, the triplet state of /7-phenylenebis(phenylmethylene) has been observed. Apparently, substitution of the carbenic hydrogens of 8 by phenyl groups confers sufficient stability (thermodynamic and perhaps kinetic) to the biradical, which allows its observation. According to variable-temperature ESR spectroscopy, the triplet state of /7-phenylenebis(phenylmethylene) is thermally populated and the singlet state lies 0.5-1 kcal/mol lower in energy [76-79]. 

Chemical stability, thermodynamics vs. kinetics, 1, 606 Chemical vapor deposition... 

Numerous papers on CDs complexation of azo dyes concern stability, thermodynamics and kinetics of complexation and co-conformation The studies are followed frequently by theoretical calculations. 

In colloid science the term colloid stability means that a specified process that causes the colloid to become a macrophase, such as aggregation, does not proceed at a significant rate. Colloid stability is different from thermodynamic stability (see Ref. [978]). The term colloid stability must be used with reference to a specific and clearly defined process, for example, a colloidally metastable emulsion may signify a system in which the droplets do not participate in aggregation, coalescence, or creaming at a significant rate. See also Kinetic Stability, Thermodynamic Stability. 

An analogous case of a powerful stability (thermodynamic) factor (low a) is given in the system... 

The stability of an emulsion denotes its ability to resist changes in its properties over time (i.e., higher emulsion stability implies slower change in emulsion properties). When considering the stability of an emulsion, it is of major importance to distinguish between thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability. Thermodynamics predict whether or not a process will occur, whereas kinetics predict the rate of the process, if it does occur. All food emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and thus will break down if left long enough. 

Steric stabilization using emulsifiers and surfactants Shell or core cross-linking Viscosity-enhanced stabilization Amine cross-linked stabilization Thermodynamic stabilization... 

The density of NO Os established by the equation of state gives important insight into the stability, thermodynamic properties, and the reaction mechanisms related to NO Os. Previous observations of the formation of NO NOs were either by tempierature-induced transformation at ambient pressure or by photon-induced autoionization of molecular N2O4 at... 

Kinetic Stability Although most colloidal systems are metastable or unstable with respect to the separate bulk phases, they may have an appreciable kinetic stability. That is, the state of dispersion may exist for an appreciable length of time. Colloidal species can come together in very different ways therefore, kinetic stability can have different meanings. A colloidal dispersion can be kinetically stable with respect to coalescence but unstable with respect to aggregation, or a system could be kinetically stable with respect to aggregation but unstable with respect to sedimentation. It is crucial that stability be understood in terms of a clearly defined process. See also Colloid Stability, Thermodynamic Stability. 

Carbene 15 melts at 240 °C the bonding angle at the carbene carbon center, determined by X-ray structural analysis to 102°, agrees well with the value calculated for r-donor substituted singlet carbenes. The extreme stability of 15 has several origins the compound is stabilized thermodynamically by the... 

The comprehensive characterization of uitrathin resist (UTR) (<100 nm) processes in terms of defectivity, manufacturahility, and physical properties (structure, dynamics, stability, thermodynamic behavior, etc.) have been a central point of interest in semiconductor microlithography for quite some time. Despite many years of experimental and theoretical efforts along these lines, a number of basic questions still remain to be answered. One of these issues is the fundamental lower physical limit of the resist thickness, below which lithographic patterning is not viable. For resists based on the polyhydroxy styrene platform, this lower limit has been determined to be around 60 nm, with the onset of film instability occurring at around 55 nm. For a host of other resist platforms, this lower limit is yet to be determined. 

When side chains containing alkenic groups were introduced, it was found that the stability was generally higher than in amino adds having fully saturated side chains. Interaction of the silver ion with the alkene was proposed to account for this increase in stability. Thermodynamic data for the formation of some silver(I) amino acid complexes are collect in Table 54. ... 

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