Spray measurement precision

The sample is introduced into the plasma commonly through a nebulizer. The function of the nebulizer is to convert the sample solution into a fine aerosol spray. The nebulizers are often coupled to a spray chamber where large droplets are preferentially removed from the aerosol stream. Discrimination against larger droplets facilitates more stable plasmas and a better measurement precision. The most frequently used nebulizers are depicted in Fig. 7. Cross-flow nebulizers are robust aerosol generators suitable for most applications. The high-efficiency nebulizer... 

The strength and adhesion of sprayed metal coatings are extremely difficult to measure with precision, and the properties of sprayed metals vary greatly with the spraying conditions and with the conditions of test. It is difficult, therefore, to correlate the values taken from the literature on the subject. For instance, American workers produce tensile test pieces by depositing on to 9-5 mm (0-375 in) steel tube and then machining out the tube. By this method the results shown in Table 12.7 were obtained. 

A combination of techniques is typically used to verify the accuracy and precision of agrochemical applications to soil. For example, the catch-back method or passtime method is typically used in conjunction with analytical results from application verification monitors to confirm proper application. The catch-back method involves measuring the spray solution volume before and after application to double check that the desired volume of test solution was actually applied to the test plots. Experienced applicators are often able to apply within 2% of the targeted spray volume. 

ISO 9227 [1] does not specify in detail many necessary parameters and does not determine the precision of such a test method. The precision and accuracy of corrosion determination are influenced by many factors preparation of specimens, conditioning, removal of corrosion products, cleaning, drying, etc. In literature on the corrosion tests we failed to find any information concerning the quality of corrosion tests results. The aim of this paper is to call attention to the problems in the corrosion measurement data quality and the necessity to evaluate the uncertainty for measurement results. We attempted to show the main components of uncertainty of the result in such a measurement on the basis of the experimental evaluation of the corrosivity of the spray test corrosion cabinet by means of reference specimens. 

The ability of PBO in synergize cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides has often been ignored when the mode of action of PBO is discussed. Moore field (I95KJ presented detailed data on this subject and showed that both aromatic and heterocyclic carbamates can be potentiated with PBO. A graphical presentation of data is reproduced in Fig. 19.3 on the effect of adding PBO to iwo carbamate insecticides to control house flics. This is of particular interest in that application was only made to female flies by individual measured drops - much more precise and relevant to effective control than spray applications to Hies of both sexes. This was a classic demonstration of the powerful synergistic action of PRO... 

Touboul, D., Jecklin, M.C., Zenobi, R. (2007) Rapid and Precise Measurements of Gas-phase Basicity of Peptides and Proteins at Atmospheric Pressure by Electrosonic Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. J. Phys. Chem. B 111 11629-11631. 

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