Spin Resonance CSR

There are, in theory, three main reasons why an applied electrical field could evoke cell-spinning  

Bipolar ion deposition by conduction onto the cell surface This, however, is essentially a dc phenomenon discovered only recently it cannot account for the above observations seen with rf fields. 

Asymmetric (tensorial) polarization This can be shown to have an effective response only at the frequency at which the cell rotates. It is not, therefore, the cause of the observed spin (5 Hz) due to critical and narrow high (10 Hz) frequency responses. 

Interparticle, delayed polarization, off-axis interactions. Here, in a fashion analogous to the action of the familiar shaded-pole motor, the action of the applied field combined with that of the phase-pole motor, the action of the applied field combined with that of the phase-delayed field arising from a nearby and actively polarizing particle produces a torque upon a given cell. This cell-cell interaction can be extensive and evoke massive rotational action of many 

Natural intrinsic oscillating electric dipoles This is the only known mechanism whereby one can account for all the above-described facts. We believe it provides a clear and logical explanation for them. 

---

Inanimate particles can also spin while in the presence of ac electrical fields. The use of particles provides a model with which to test theories on spin resonance without having to be concerned with the ever-changing state of live cells. As can be seen from Figure 8, the conductivity of the solution is a critical factor in determining an accurate CSR. This is especially true at lower frequencies. 

---