Spin and Magnetism

In nickel 28.5% of the atoms, without a metallic orbital, have two atomic electrons with parallel spins, and magnetic moment 1.94 (corre-... 

Phase transitions Spin and magnetic transitions Dynamic solid-state phenomena Solid-state reactions (e.g., thermolysis, radiolysis)... 

A free radical is best defined as an atom or molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons, or in the illuminating expression of our French colleagues, Electrons cdlibataires.1 The unpaired electron exists alone in an orbital and therefore has a spin and, resulting magnetic moment uncompensated by the oppositely directed spin and magnetic moment of another electron. This has certain physical and chemical consequences which serve to show the presence of a free radical. But it must be emphasized that unusual reactivity alone (the chemical consequences) is never conclusive proof that a substance is a free radical. 

The Point Charge Concept and the Related Divergence Quantized Charged Equilibrium B.4.1. Conditions on Spin and Magnetic Moment... 

With the adopted form (B.28)-(B.29) of the generating function, the independent variables consist of the exponential factor in the radial part (B.28) and 2n amplitudes ayl in the polar part (B.29) with p = 2v — 1 or 2v. There are two resulting quantum conditions (1) the combined spin and magnetic moment... 

The combined condition (B.46) for spin and magnetic moment has the further form... 

The complexes [CrX2L4] and [CrX2(H20)2L2] are high-spin and magnetically dilute. The former are believed to have trans octahedral structures and there is some evidence that the latter have too.85,90-93... 

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is also referred to as electron spin resonance (ESR). In many respects, it is similar to NMR and the corresponding principles, discussed in the previous section, apply. The critical difference is that an unpaired electron spin is detected in this method instead of a nuclear spin. The method applies only to paramagnetic systems. The electron spin is more readily detected than is a nuclear spin and magnets on EPR instruments are correspondingly smaller and less expensive. 

It may surprise you to know that, right up into the nineteen fifties, experimental determinations of the fine structure constant were based upon measurements of spin doublet intervals in X-ray spectra, that is to say, effectively the 2P,/2 - 2P 3/2 interval belonging to the hole in the L-shell. But the interpretation at this time rested upon the new form of quantum mechanics, and perhaps more important than the new mathematics, a piece of physics which had first to be discovered the spin and magnetic properties of the electron. 

What is the electron The electron, with both particle and wave properties, has four definite, quantitative properties mass, charge, spin, and magnetic moment. Two of these properties, spin and the magnetic moment, seemed to be well accommodated by Dirac theory. (Why the electron has its particular charge and... 

Rubidium gas has become important in the study of an exotic state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate. This state, first predicted in 1924 by Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, was not observed until 1995. Many laboratories now produce these cooled clouds of atoms, mostly using gases of alkali elements, which have appropriate spin and magnetic properties. 

The ABMR method has been applied to several different elements at ISOLDE for measurements truunly of nuclear spins and magnetic dipxrle moments. The main results have been obtained in the alkali elements j,Rb (8, 9], 55CS [9-11] and jiFr [12,13], and in Au [14, 15]. Shorter sequences have been studi in jjBr [16], In [17], L 63EU [18,19], Tm [19], and T1 [17]. 

---