Spherical nonpolarizable

Calculations such as in Example 4-1 are but a first estimate and do not allow for spedfic solute-solvent interactions. The calculations cannot be entirely correct because on the molecular level a solvent is not a dielectric continuum the effective dielectric constant near the intense field of an ion is decreased. Furthermore, the equation assumes that ions are spherical, nonpolarizable entities with the charge located at the center. Latimer, Pitzer, and Slanski modified the Bom equation by... 

The interaction energy of a spherical nonpolarizable point dipole in its own reactive field is then... 

The Born ion is the simplest model of solvation It considers the solvation energy of a spherical, nonpolarizable (sp = 1) solute of radius R with a single point charge of magnitude z at its center. In this case, an analytical expression is available for the solvation energy ... 

The evaluation of Gcicctrostatic has received a great deal of attention. It is clear that Eqs. (32) and (33), which are for nonpolarizable point charges and point dipoles, cannot reproduce the effect of the medium upon the solute molecule. A major contribution was made by Onsager, who took this molecule to be a polarizable point dipole located at the center of a spherical cavity 20 the resulting expression is,... 

The conventional viewpoint, which assumes that the ionic atmosphere is spherically symmetric, does not take account of the inevitable effects of ionic polarization. From an analysis of the general solution (19), however, it is evident that the ionic atmosphere must be spherically symmetric for nonpolarizable ions, and the DH model is therefore adequate. (Moreover, in very dilute solution polarization effects are negligibly small, and it does not matter whether we choose a polarizable or unpolarizable sphere for our model.) But once we have made the realistic step of conferring a real size on an ion, the ion becomes to some extent polarizable, and the ionic cloud is expected to be nonspherical in any solution of appreciable concentration. Accordingly, we base our treatment on this central hypothesis, that the time-average picture of the ionic solution is best represented with a polarizable ion surrounded by a nonspherical atmosphere. In order to obtain a value for the potential from the general solution of the LPBE we must first consider the boundary conditions at the surface of the central ion. 

In the case of a pure liquid of nonpolarizable dipoles (p) we have = 1 hence the conversion factor of the spherical permanent point dipoles is... 

The g factor of nonpolarizable spherical point dipoles is given by Eq. (3.46) ... 

Electrokinetic Motion of Cells and Nonpolarizable Particles, Fig. 1 Electrophoretic motion of a spherical particle... 

The ions are regarded as point charges with an electric field of spherical symmetry and thus are nonpolarizable. 

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