Spectroscopy scanning tunnelling microscopy, STM

Film-forming chemical reactions and the chemical composition of the film formed on lithium in nonaqueous aprotic liquid electrolytes are reviewed by Dominey [7], SEI formation on carbon and graphite anodes in liquid electrolytes has been reviewed by Dahn et al. [8], In addition to the evolution of new systems, new techniques have recently been adapted to the study of the electrode surface and the chemical and physical properties of the SEI. The most important of these are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, NMR, EPR, calorimetry, DSC, TGA, use of quartz-crystal microbalance (QCMB) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) can, in principle, probe the electronic density of states of a singlewall nanotube, or the outermost cylinder of a multi-wall tubule, or of a bundle of tubules. With this technique, it is further possible to carry out both STS and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements at the same location on the same tubule and, therefore, to measure the tubule diameter concurrently with the STS spectrum. No reports have yet been made of a determination of the chiral angle of a tubule with the STM technique. Several groups have, thus far, attempted STS studies of individual tubules. 

Experimentally, different structure- and surface-sensitive techniques such as in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), transition electron microscopy (TEM), and in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been... 

A number of methods are available for the characterization and examination of SAMs as well as for the observation of the reactions with the immobilized biomolecules. Only some of these methods are mentioned briefly here. These include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [46], quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) [47,48], ellipsometry [12,49], contact angle measurement [50], infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) [51,52], Raman spectroscopy [53], scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) [54], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [55,56], sum frequency spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [57, 58], surface acoustic wave and acoustic plate mode devices, confocal imaging and optical microscopy, low-angle X-ray reflectometry, electrochemical methods [59] and Raster electron microscopy [60]. 

Surface science experiments and DFT have often been teammates in very successful projects. DFT has been used along with ultra-high-vacuum surface science experiments such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy... 

Nonpolar and dipolar altitudinal rotors (compounds 2 and 3 in Fig. 17.3) have been synthesized. 19F NMR spectroscopy showed that the barrier to rotation in 3 was extremely low in solution. Both systems have then been immobilized on Au(l 11) surfaces and studied with a variety of techniques.57 The results obtained indicated that for a fraction of molecules the static electric field from the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tip could induce an orientation change in the dipolar rotor but not in the nonpolar analog (for a recent example of an azimuthal molecular rotor controlled by the STM tip, see Reference 58). Compound 3 can exist as three pairs of helical enantiomers because of the propeller-like conformation of the tetra-arylcyclobutadienes. For at least one out of the three diastereomers, an asymmetric potential energy surface can be predicted by molecular dynamics simulations on application of an alternating electric field.55... 

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