Spectral colors

An important way to assess the many iasertion/extraction films known is to compare spectral coloration efficiencies, CE(X), for the visible region. 

Spektralanalyse, /. spectrum analysis, spektralanalytisch, a. spectroscopic, spectro-metric. — adv. by spectrum analysis. Spektral-apparat, to. spectroscopic apparatus, -beobachtung, /. spectroscopic observation, -bereich, -bezirk, to. spectral region, -farbe, /. spectral color, spectrum color, -gegend, /. spectral region, -lampe, /. spectrum lamp, -hnie, /. spectrum line, spectral line, -probe, /. spectrum test, -rohr, n.. -rohre, /. spectrum tube, spectral tube, -tafel, /. spectrum chart, spectral chart. 

In the project series Impulse , Kosmatschof integrates impulses in the form of electrical discharges of lightning into the solar sculpture designs Impulse Flower and Impulse Square . There is also another version of Impulse Flower in which the spectral colors are made visible by means of water vapor, thus enabling the obseiver to experience light as an energy carrier in all its complexity. 

In the fountain version of the vertical floral sculpture, solar energy is used for spraying water between the open arms of the plant form and thereby separating the sunlight that shines on it into its spectral colors. Thus, at the same time, the sculpture selves to help nature present itself one might say it showcases the forces of nature. 

Figure 27. Human osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in cultures on porous (A) or fibrous (B) poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds. A A summarizing picture of horizontal optical sections. The depth of cell ingrowth into the pores (average pore diameter of 400-600 mm) is indicated by spectral colors (blue 0-60 mm, green 80-160 mm, yellow 180-220 mm, orange 240-300 mm, red 320-400 mm, violet 420-480 mm). Day 14 after seeding, cells stained with propidium iodide. B cells grown for 4 days in static culture followed by 2 days in dynamic perfusion cell culture system. Cell membrane stained with Texas Red C2-maleimide and the nuclei counterstained with Hoechst 33342. Leica TCS SP2 confocal microscope, objective 5x (A) or lOx (B) [37].

Figure 3. The three pure spectral colors, the prime-colors, uniquely related to normal human vision. Combined, as shown here, they form a white-light mixture the color of sunlight.

Colorimetry [1.17] - [1.19]. The principles of colorimetry are based on the fact that all color stimuli can be simulated by additively mixing only three selected color stimuli (trichromatic principle). A color stimulus can, however, also be produced by mixing the spectral colors. Thus, it has a spectral distribution, which in the case of nonluminous, perceived colors is called the spectral reflectance q (2). After defining three reference stimuli, the trichromatic principle allows a three-dimensional color space to be built up in which the color coordinates (tristimulus values) can be interpreted as components of a vector (CIE system for standards, see Table 1, Colorimetry CIE = Commission Internationale de l Eclairage). For uncolored illumination the three CIE tristimulus values depend on the spectral reflectance as follows ... 

Plate 19 X-ray and NMR models of thioredoxin (PDB lert and 3trx) superimposed by least-squares fitting of corresponding alpha carbons in the two models. The x-ray model is gray. Residues of the NMR model are colored according to rms differences in atom positions between the two models. Residues with smallest deviations are blue, those with largest deviations are red, and those of intermediate deviations are in spectral colors between blue and red. (For discussion, see Chapter 11.) Image SPV/POV-Ray. 

Play of color is the term used to describe the internal spectral colors that appear inside some specimens of materials like opal and some synthetics. The colors seem to move when the specimen is turned or the light source is moved. Labradorescence is a broad play of colors common in labradorite and other minerals (mostly feldspars) having polysynthetic twinning. 

Iridescence describes the display of spectral colors on or just below the surface of a specimen. This affect is often due to a coating, and may not be a diagnostic characteristic of a material. 

A plot of x versus y results in the CIE chromatid ty diagram (Figure 6-6). When the chromaticities of all of the spectral colors are placed in this graph, they form a line called the locus. Within this locus and the line connecting the ends, represented by 400 and 700 nm, every point represents a color that can be made by mixing the three primaries. The point at which exactly equal amounts of each... 

A breakthrough discovery was reported by Sabatini (ARDEC) in the area of green illuminants. Formulations without any heavy metal can be based on boron carbide (B4C, fuel) with a suitable oxidizer (e.g. Iboron carbide (B4C) in pyrotechnical compositions. It can be seen that flares with 100% boron carbide as fuel show longer burn times and higher luminous intensity than the control barium nitrate based flare (M125 Al) while the spectral (color) purity is slightly lower. 

The principles of colorimetry are based on the fact that aU color stimuli can be simulated by additively mixing only three selected color stimuU (trichromatic principle). A color stimulus can, however, also be produced by mixing the spectral colors. Thus, it has a spectral distribution, which in the case of nonluminous, perceived colors is... 

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