Spectra normal

ESR characterization was performed in situ in order to avoid any contact of the pretreated solids with air. Spectra, recorded as the first derivative of the absorption, were obtained at room temperature or 77K using a Varian E9 spectrometer working in the X band. The g values were measured relative to a DPPH reference (g = 2.0036). The sample tubes were filled with the solid to a height greater than the depth of the resonant cavity and the number of paramagnetic species was calculated by double integration of the recorded spectra normalized to that of Varian Strong Pitch sample (g = 2.0028, 3. lO spins, cm" ). 

Fig. 34.19. Three-component spectra (normalized) projected in the space defined by the two first PCs.

Step 7. Spectra normalized with respect to total ion intensity and any remaining elements of instrumental or sample preparation drift. 

Fig. 1. Model Spectra re-binned to CRIRES Resolution To demonstrate the potential for precise isotopic abundance determination two representative sample absorption spectra, normalized to unity, are shown. They result from a radiative transfer calculation using a hydrostatic MARCS model atmosphere for 3400 K. MARCS stands for Model Atmosphere in a Radiative Convective Scheme the methodology is described in detail e.g. in [1] and references therein. The models are calculated with a spectral bin size corresponding to a Doppler velocity of 1 They are re-binned to the nominal CRIRES resolution (3 p), which even for the slowest rotators is sufficient to resolve absorption lines. The spectral range covers ss of the CRIRES detector-array and has been centered at the band-head of a 29 Si16 O overtone transition at 4029 nm. In both spectra the band-head is clearly visible between the forest of well-separated low- and high-j transitions of the common isotope. The lower spectrum is based on the telluric ratio of the isotopes 28Si/29Si/30Si (92.23 4.67 3.10) whereas the upper spectrum, offset by 0.4 in y-direction, has been calculated for a ratio of 96.00 2.00 2.00.

Fig. 5. XANES spectrum of a typical TS-1 sample in vacuum. Inset intensity of the pre-edge peak (spectra normalized to the edge jump) for samples with various Ti contents. Because the height of the edge jump is proportional to the Ti content, the intensity of the normalized pre-edge is invariant (within experimental uncertainty) with Ti concentration [Reprinted from Ricchiardi et al (41) with permission. Copyright (2001) American Chemical Society].

Isotopic abundances are listed either as their sum being 100 % or with the abundance of the most abundant isotope normalized to 100 %. The latter is used throughout this book because this is consistent with the custom of reporting mass spectra normalized to the base peak (Chap. 1). The isotopic classifications and isotopic compositions of some common elements are listed below (Table 3.1). A full table of the elements is included in the Appendix. 

Note MALDI spectra are acquired just above the threshold laser fluence for ion formation. Thus, single-shot spectra normally show a low signal-to-noise ratio (Chap. 5.2.3) due to poor ion statistics. Therefore, 50-200 single-shot spectra are usually accumulated to produce the final spectrum. [47]... 

Figure 1.29. Fluorescence of five suspensions with pox 0.0014, 0.0036, 0.0072, 0.0144, and 0.0288 after specific excitation of Py at 465 nm for equal pox+ and ppy+. (a) Fluorescence spectra normalized to the same peak height for the Py emission at 520 nm. The intensity of the oxonine emission (peak on the right) increases with increasing p. (b) Ratio of the fluorescence intensity /qx of Ox and /py of Py as a function of the loading.

Quantification of Chemical Composition analyses Spectra normalized to CuKa Peak ... 

Nominal Composition Tl2Ba2Ca3Cu40)2 Spectra Normalized to the Copper Ku Peak... 

Table 6.1. Quantification of chemical composition analyses 2212 BiSrCaCuO (oxygen anneal). Spectra normalized to the CuKa peak. The average formula is deduced to be Bii.95(5)Sri 64(3)Cao.92(7)Cu20x with Sr and Ca deficiencies. The standard deviations (in brackets) of the mean ratios, with respect to an assumed Cu stoichiometry of 4.0 per formula unit, are calculated from the variance, > i))2ln — 1], where r)...

Fig. 3.4.3 Variation of the relative fluorescence spectra (normalized at the emission maximum) with the water content at various excitation wavelength (A) [(AOT)2Cd] = 2 X 10 4...

Elemental compositions were calculated from the satellite-subtracted low resolution spectra normalized for constant transmission using the software supplied by the manufacturer. The sensitivity factors employed in these computations were C(ls)=0.34, N(ls) = 0.54, Si(2p) = 0.4, and O(ls) = 0.78, empirically derived for the MAX-200 spectrometer by Leybold. 

In the next stage of this work we studied effects of intercalation on low-temperature photoluminescence spectra of fullerite Ceo single crystal. Figure 3 shows photoluminescence spectra, normalized to integrated intensity, for pure fullerite and fullerite with helium impurities taken at 5 K, as well as a difference between the two. 

Relative intensities in the low-voltage mass spectra, normalized to biphenyl = 100. 

Figure 5-4 Left Raman spectra of four sugars exhibiting considerable relative intensity differences. Right Same spectra normalizing the total spectral area for each of the spectra to 1.0.

From studies of Langmuir films (insoluble surfactants) and films adsorbed to solid substrates, alkyl chains are known to be well ordered. For soluble surfactants at oU/water, however, the picture is much different. Several studies from this laboratory have demonstrated these differences [6,37-39]. Figure 2.6 shows the ssp spectra for sodium do-decyl sulfate (SDS) at the CCI4/D2O interface at monolayer coverage (squares) and at extremely low surface coverage (circles) with the spectra normalized to the methyl symmetric stretch [6]. 

Butadiene (CH2=CH—CH=CH2) has two C=C bonds and one C—C bond. It has been shown experimentally that the most stable rotamer has the planar s-trans structure . The lengths of the C=C and C—C bonds are 1.341 and 1.463 A, respectively. The infrared and Raman spectra of 1,3-butadiene in the vapour, liquid and solid phases have been studied The spectra of deuterated and C-substituted analogs have been studied for the purpose of the assignments of vibrational spectra. On the basis of these vibrational spectra, normal coordinate calculations have been performed by the use of empirical force fields . The stmcture and vibrational frequencies of the s-trans conformer have been calculated by ab initio MO methods . The assignments of all the fundamental bands have been established. 

Figure 10 The effect of particle size on the change in the normalized Pt J-band vacancies d-band vacancies/% surface atoms) (...) in going from 0.54 to 0.0 V. The change in the Pt-Pt coordination number as determined from the Pt L3 edge EXAFS analysis is also shown (—). The ordinate axis refers to the change in the J-band vacancy/atom determined from XANES spectra normalized with respect to total number of surface atoms present (based on cluster calculations on a cubo-octahedron model). 

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