Specific Surface Load Theory

Specific surface load (SSL) theory is an extension of SEL theory and it assumes that the energy is transferred to the fibre bundles during the short edge-to-edge contact phase as well as during the edge-to-surface phase (Lumiainen, 1990). By combining these two, SSL is defined as shown in Equation (13.6), where Equation (13.7) holds  

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This series of computational experiments was devised using the programs PC Spartan and MacSpartan however, it should be possible to use many other implementations of semiempirical molecular orbital theory. Some of the other capable programs for the PC and the Macintosh include HyperChem Release 5 and CAChe Workstation. You will need to provide your students with an introduction to your specific implementation. The introduction should show students how to build a molecule, how to select and submit calculations and surface models, and how to load and save files. 

The frictional properties of thermoplastics, specifically the reinforced and filled composites, vary in a way that is unique from metals. In contrast to metals, even the highly reinforced resins have low modulus values and thus do not behave according to the classic laws of friction, as developed by theories from the ICI-LNP. Metal-to-thermoplastic friction is characterized by adhesion and deformation resulting in frictional forces that are not proportional to load, because friction decreases as load increases, but are proportional to speed (see Tables 3-21 through 3-24) [323]. The wear rate is generally defined as the volumetric loss of material over a given unit of time. Several mechanisms operate simultaneously to remove material from the wear interface. However, the primary mechanism is adhesive wear, which is characterized by having fine particles of polymer removed from the surface. 

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