Speciation in the Environment

Elemental mercury is volatile and sparingly soluble in water [8]. Due to the high vapor pressure of Hg° it is the dominant form of mercury in the atmosphere and has a long residence time (1-2 years) [9]. In the ionic form, mercury can 

Organic mercury compounds (methyl mercury, dimethyl mercury, ethyl mercury, and phenyl mercury) are defined as mercury bound to carbon based structures. Methyl mercury (MeHg) is the predominant form of mercury that 

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Cooke Andrews J (2006) Mercury Speciation in the Environment Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 120 1-35... 

Lafferty BJ, Loeppert RH (2005) Methyl arsenic adsorption and desorption be-hatior on iron oxides. Environ Sci Technol 39 2120—2127 Le XC (2002) Arsenic speciation in the environment and humans. In Frankenberger WT Jr (ed) Environmental chemistry of arsenic. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, pp 95-116... 

Buffle, J. (1990). The ecological role of aquatic organic and inorganic components, deduced from their nature, circulation and interactions. In Metal Speciation in the Environment, eds. Broeckaert, J. A. C., Guger, S. and Adams, F., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 469-501. 

Ure AM, Davidson CM. Chemical speciation in soils and related materials by selective chemical extraction. In Ure AM, Davidson CM (eds.), Chemical Speciation in the Environment, 2nd ed. Malden, MA Wiley-Blackwell Science, Inc. 2002, pp. 265-299. 

Choppin GR (2003) Actinide speciation in the environment. Radiochim Acta 91 645-649 Claus P (1998) Selective hydrogenation of a,P-unsaturated aldehydes and other C = O and C = C bonds containing compounds. Top Catal 5 51-62 Colon D, Weber EJ, Anderson JL, Winget P, Suarez LA (2006) Reduction of nitrobenzenes and N-hydroxylanilines by Fe(II) species Elucidation of the reaction mechanism. Environ Sci Technol 40 4449-4454... 

The carbonato complexes of lanthanides and actinides are of importance with regard to the metal ion speciation in the environment. These are, however, not linked with the enzyme models for carbon dioxide hydration and hence are not dealt with in further detail. 

A.M. Ure, C.M. Davidson, Chemical Speciation in the Environment, Blackie Academic, Glasgow, 1995. 

Akter, K. and Naidu, R. (2006) Arsenic speciation in the environment, in Managing Arsenic in the Environment From Soil to Human Health (eds R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens et al.), CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 61-74. 

Langston, W.3. and Bryan,G.W., 1984. The relationships between metal speciation in the environment and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. In C.3.M. Kramer and 3.C. Duinker (eds), Complexation of Trace Metals in Natural Waters. Nijhoff/3unk Publ., the Hague, pp. 375-392. 

Moulin, V., and Moulin, C. (2001). Radionuclide speciation in the environment a review. Radiochim. Acta 89,773-778. 

Broekaert, JA.C., Gucer, S. and Adams, F. (eds) (1990) Metal Speciation in the Environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Considerable recent research has focused on the topic of chemical speciation in the environment. It is increasingly realised that the distribution, mobility and biological availability of chemical elements depend not simply on their concentrations but, critically, on the forms in which they occur in natural systems. Continuing developments in analytical chemistry have made speciation practicable even where analytes are present at trace levels (as is often the case in natural samples). 

Several models have been developed to link bioavailability or uptake of chemicals in organisms to their speciation in the environment. Again, focus generally is on single chemicals, while extension for use on mixtures is desired. 

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