Spatial processes

Figure 2.19 What and where pathways of the primate brain. The what pathway starts at VI and passes through the inferior temporal cortex. The where pathway passes through the posterior parietal cortex. (Reprinted with permission from F. A. W. Wilson, S. P. O Scalaidhe, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science, Vol. 260, pp. 1955-1958, June, Copyright 1993 AAAS.)...

Wilson FAW, Scalaidhe SPO and Goldman-Rakic PS 1993 Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 260, 1955-1958. 

Whishaw IQ, Pasztor TJ. 2000. Rats alternate on a dry-land but not swimming-pool (Morris task) place task Implications for spatial processing. Behav Neurosci 114 442-446. 

Kemps E, Szmalec A, Vandierendonck A, Crevits L (2004) Visuo-spatial processing in Parkinson s disease evidence for diminished visuo-spatial sketch pad and central executive resources. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 11 181—186... 

It occurs only between nearest neighbors and is not a spatial process. In contrast, multi-polar resonemce processes do involve transfer over relatively large distances through the lattice. We can compare qq-coupling with a spin-exchange process by using ruby, i.e.- AI2O3 Cr3+, as an... 

Beisner, B.E., Peres Neto, P.R., Lindstrom, E.S., Barnett A., Longhi, M.L. (2006). The role of environmental and spatial processes in structuring lake communities from bacteria to fish. Ecology S7, 2985-2991. 

To have a stochastic differential equation model for both the internal and external fluctuations in complex chemical reactions would have advantages other than providing the framework for estimation. As it turned out from the analysis of Chapter 1 it would be necessary to have a common model of macroscopic phenomena that does include stochasticity, spatial processes (such as diffusion) and sources and sinks (such as reactions). These topics will be further analysed in Section 6.3. 

R-trees are tree data structures that derived from B-trees. It is used for representing multidimensional point data, but is used for spatial process methods for indexing multidimensional information. Each node in the tree communicates to the smallest d-dimensional rectangle that surrounds its son nodes. The leaf nodes include cursor to the real geometric entity in the database, as an alternative of chQds. The entity are represented by the smallest associated rectangle in which they are enclosed (Guttman, 1984). 

In high-performance MS-MS (as opposed to GC-MS) the separator as well as the analysis is performed by the mass spectrometer. One advantage of this technique over combined chromatography-mass spectrometry is that separation is a spatial process rather than being dependent on time. This can lead to improved analysis times and/or greater specificity. MS-MS also opens up other areas such as the study of complete structures. 

Boal, F. W. (1976). Ethnic residential segregation. In D.T. Herbert R.J. Johnston (Eds.), Social areas in cities, Vol. I Spatial processes and form (pp. 3-18). London John Wiley. 

This hypothesis is a compromise between the cellular and clonal hypotheses. If this hypothesis is true then the erythroidal cell heterogeneity results from the nonsimultaneous looping-out excision in the cells. Moreover, in this hypothesis temporal but not spatial processes are more significant in the cell population. This is what separates the clonal from the looping-out excision theory of erythropoiesis. 

Spatial processing refers to operations that use multiple pixel values from a local region to revise values of a given pixel. For example, each green pixel value could be replaced by the average of green pixel values over a 3 x 3 region centered on that... 

The model is based on private information dissemination and therefore limited to adoption processes in which private information is the decisive determinant. A second spatial diffusion model is based on the physical infrastructure that is complementary to innovations. Infrastructure and diffusion agencies such as distribution networks are suggested to facilitate the diffusion of innovations (McIntyre 1988). When infrastructure is an important complement it can also be an important factor for international diffusion (section 3.2.2). Formal spatial diffusion models incorporating local externalities have been reviewed in section 2.4.3. As has been noted there already, the problem of a spatial model is its simplification that the diffusion of innovation is modelled only as a spatial process. The assumption of information dissemination seems not to be as relevant for the international diffusion process as for the within-country diffusion because of international differences in national preferences and other environmental contexts. 

HSgerstrand, Torsten, 1973, Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process, Chicago, London University of Chicago Press. 

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