Space satellite maneuvering

Energy systems in space technology are devices that convert one kind of energy into another to ensure the functioning of automated and piloted satellites, interplanetary probes, and other kinds of spacecraft. Multiple functions of any spacecraft require two distinctly different energy sources propulsion for launch and maneuvers, and electricity supply to power the onboard equipment. 

Rocket engines arc also used for maneuvers in space. Some operations, such as a onetime transfer of a satellite from lower to higher orbit, could be performed by a solid-propellant engine. Yet many complex maneuvers, such as rendezvous and docking with another spacecraft, require multiple engine firings and variable power impulses. Hence modern spacecraft are equipped with an assortment of attitude control engines that usually use liquid storable propellant. 

Propulsion System. The propulsion system performs occasional maneuvers required to keep Earthorbiting satellites on station or interplanetary probes on course. The propulsion system consists of rocket thrusters, propellant, pumps, valves, and pressure vessels. Attitude control thrusters control the rotational dynamics of the spacecraft. Course correction thrusters change the speed or direction of motion of the spacecraft. The propellant must be storable for long periods of time under the harsh conditions of space. Special pressurization techniques are necessary to move liquid propellants from tanks to thrusters in zero gravity. The spacecraft must carry enough propellant for the planned mission lifetime plus a reserve necessary for deorbit at end of life. 

March 1965 NASA Gemini 3 First attempt to maneuver satellite in space (V. Grisson and J. Young, three orbits). 

---