SOME PRACTICAL HINTS

The following practical hints should facilitate the planning and realization of syntheses involving phosgenation reactions, and are particularly aimed at the chemist 

1) Phosgenation reactions must be performed in an efficient hood. 

2) Consult the MSDS and take the necessary precautions (protective clothing, gloves, eye protection, etc.). 

3) Minimize the risk by choosing the appropriate method and the appropriate phosgenation reagent according to Chapter 6. Use progressive methods and tools  

4) Use dosimeters (if available) to measure the degree of exposure to high risk compounds (these could also be products sucdi as alkyl isocyanates). 

This section describes typical applications of the methodology described in the previous section. Examples will be included of radical identification. 

---

Despite these common features the techniques have been developed in specialized research fields that seldom cross. For brevity, this chapter will only describe the electrochemical impedance method in detail, with more cursory reference or other related techniques. Since the chapter is intended for novices in the field, theoretical aspects are kept to a minimum. Some practical hints for experimental work will be included. 

O Some Practical Hints on Application of UNIQUAC Solution Model... 

In terms of defining the boundary between a system and its environment - following Checkland s recommendation - and remembering that the environment can be described as the net effects of the performances of a number of other systems. Table 6.1 provides some practical hints. 

In this chapter the failure modes of adhesives are discussed and some practical hints and tips are included to help identify and rectify the reason for the failure mode. 

---