Some field induced effects

7 Others like G. L. Kellogg, O. Nishikawa and T. T. Tsong and their co- 

Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber E. Weibel, Phys. Rev. Lett., 50,120 

16 Most STM micrographs published in the literature show such features. 

Hasegawa, K. Kobayashi, K. Takayanagi Y. Yagi, Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 

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Gas-surface interactions 4.5.3 Some field induced effects... 

A second possible cause of spurious ringing which is limited only to some solids is piezoelectric resonance of the sample. (Of course the cause need not be limited to a sample. More on this later.) A piezoelectric crystal has the property that a mechanical deformation of the material takes place in the presence of an electric field. Therefore, an acoustic ringing can be induced in a piezoelectric material located within an NMR probe by the rf electric field associated with the rf magnetic field. Such a ringing due to piezoelectricity has the distinguishing property that it is independent of the applied magnetic field intensity in contrast with the magnetic field induced effect described in the first part of this section. 

The electrostatic energy is calculated using the distributed multipolar expansion introduced by Stone [39,40], with the expansion carried out through octopoles. The expansion centers are taken to be the atom centers and the bond midpoints. So, for water, there are five expansion points (three at the atom centers and two at the O-H bond midpoints), while in benzene there are 24 expansion points. The induction or polarization term is represented by the interaction of the induced dipole on one fragment with the static multipolar field on another fragment, expressed in terms of the distributed localized molecular orbital (LMO) dipole polarizabilities. That is, the number of polarizability points is equal to the number of bonds and lone pairs in the molecule. One can opt to include inner shells as well, but this is usually not useful. The induced dipoles are iterated to self-consistency, so some many body effects are included. 

In this framework, the requirement needed in order to incorporate the solvent effects into the reactant (and product) wavefunctions is automatically fulfilled by using the effective Hamiltonian defined in Equation (3.155) and by adopting an iterative procedure until the wave-function and the solvent reaction field induced by the Cl density matrix of the state of interest reach self-consistency. One must note that this procedure is valid for ground and excited states fully equilibrated with the solvent, while the inclusion of nonequilibrium effects needs some further refinements, as indicated, for example, in ref. [35],... 

Summary of various field effects on membranes (some established, some proposed). AVj is the field induced membrane potential, E corresponding field strength in situ. E and AVj are interrelated by AV j = 1.5 ER (for spherical cells). 

Now, in laboratory experiments with alternating magnetic fields produced by a Helmoltz coil, the fields induced are up to 10 1 V cm-1, and these have been proven to produce biological effects, some of which were described above. These results are important for humans, not only in respect to the effects of power lines, but also their exposure to numerous other sources of electromagnetic radiation, including the wiring... 

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