Some Concluding Thoughts

Support is acknowledged from the Georgia Research Alliance and the DOE, under grant DE-FG03-95ER14 538, and GRP Investigator grant KUS-11-011-21. 

1 Koros, W.J. (2004) Evolving beyond the thermal age of separation processes membranes can lead the way. AIChE Journal, 50 (10), 2326. 

2 United Nations (2007) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects The 2006 Revision, Highlights, Working Paper No. SA/P/WP.202. 

3 Humphrey, J.L. and Keller, G.E. (1997) Energy Considerations, in Separation Process Technology, McGraw-Hill, 

and Sirkar, K.K. (1992) Overview, in Membrane Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, Chapter 1. 

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This final chapter provides a brief overview of how offshore safety management is changing, and what developments could plausibly occur over the next few years. Also discussed in this chapter are the topics of leadership and long-tail events. Some concluding thoughts to do with leadership and the role of regulations are provided. 

Section 14.2 presents a description of the TDL technique for temperature measurement, including the theory and basic principles behind the method. Section 14.3 provides a historical overview of the development of this technique to provide a sense of the considerable amount of research that has been performed in this field to date. Section 14.4 provides details of four TDL-based systems capable of temperature measurement in full-scale environments that are thought to be of particular interest to the industrial combustion community. Finally, Section 14.5 contains some concluding remarks about the current state of TDL sensors and possible outcomes of future developments. 

Baeyer concluded with some final thoughts about the relationship between Kekule s theory of chemical structure and his aromatic theory. The crucial breakthrough, he stated, was the former, which had been published seven years earlier (in 1858). Structure theory demonstrated that "the general laws of mechanics do not suffice to explain the essence of matter, that atoms possess specific properties, a knowledge of which must precede the application of mechanics. This knowledge we owe to you [Kekule] it forms the content of structural chemistry, and it has reached a preliminary conclusion with the benzene theory."... 

Cellulose III. Cellulose III results from treatment of cellulose with Hquid ammonia (ammonia mercerization) or amines. Cellulose III can be made from either Cellulose I or II. When treated with water. Cellulose III can revert to its parent stmcture. Some cellulose III preparations are much more stable than other preparations. The intensities on diffraction patterns from Cellulose III differ slightly depending on whether the Cellulose III was made from Cellulose I or II, and thus these allomorphs are called IIIj or IHjj- Workers studying III concluded, based partiy on the results of I and II, that the packings of IIIj and IIIjj are parallel and antiparallel, respectively (67). IIIjj also is thought to have hydrogen bonds between the corner and center chains. 

Formation permeability damage caused by precipitation of dissolved minerals such as colloidal silica, aluminum hydroxide, and aluminum fluoride can reduce the benefits of acidizing (132-134). Careful treatment design, particularly in the concentration and amount of HF used is needed to minimize this problem. Hydrofluoric acid initially reacts with clays and feldspars to form silicon and aluminum fluorides. These species can react with additional clays and feldspars depositing hydrated silica in rock flow channels (106). This usually occurs before the spent acid can be recovered from the formation. However, some workers have concluded that permeability damage due to silica precipitation is much less than previously thought (135). 

Because they do not obey the octet rule, hypervalent molecules have often been thought to involve some type of bonding that is not found in period 2 molecules. Ideas concerning the nature of this bonding have developed along a somewhat tortuous path that it is interesting and instructive to follow. We will in the end conclude that the nature of the bonding in these molecules is not different in type from that in related period 2 molecules and that there is therefore little justification for the continued use of this concept. 

I went on to the committee meeting, and we concluded that we had not been able to find any good ideas to go to shorter wavelengths. And so we disbanded the committee. Of course, I had just had what seemed like a new idea, but it was brand new, and I wasn t yet sure of it - I thought that I should think about it some more and did not try to mention it to the Committee. 

Remembering that the temperature of the caustic soda solution used in the silicol process is above 100" C., frequently rising to 120° C., it was thought that a higher temperature might perhaps produce the suspected reaction ferro-silicon was accordingly heated in an atmosphere of steam in an electric resistance furnace to a temperature of 300° C., but still no hydrogen was produced. Consequently it was concluded that the explanation of the smaller consumption of caustic soda than would be anticipated from theoretical considerations must be explained on some basis other than the reaction of silicon with water. 

In the last chapter I tried to describe the alchemical view of the interdependence of different substances. Taking for granted the tripartite nature of man, the co-existence in him of body, soul, and spirit (no one of which was defined), the alchemists concluded that all things are formed as man is formed that in everything there is a specific bodily form, some portion of soul, and a dash of spirit. I considered the term soul to be the alchemical name for the properties common to a class of substances, and the term spirit to mean the property which was thought by the alchemists to be common to all things. 

Lavoisier said that Phosphorus is met with in almost all animal substances and in some plants which, according to chemical analysis, have an animal nature.. . . The discoveiy that M. Hassenfratz has made of this substance in wood charcoal would make one suspect that it is commoner in the vegetable realm than has been thought tins much is certain that, when properly treated, entire families of plants yield it (37). Apothecary J. K. F. Meyer of Stettin wrote in 1784 that he had observed, several years previously, a permanent green color in the essences he prepared by digesting green herbs in copper vessels He concluded that phosphates in the leaves had reacted with the copper to form copper phosphate (38). 

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