Solutes and solubility

K. Shinoda, Principles of Solution and Solubility, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. 

Iron(II) hydroxide [18624-44-7], Fe(OH)2, is prepared by precipitation of an iron(II) salt solution by strong base in the absence of air. It occurs as pale green, hexagonal crystals or a white amorphous powder. It is practically insoluble in water, fairly soluble in ammonium salt solutions, and soluble in acids and in concentrated NaOH solution. It is slowly oxidized by air. Conversion to Fe203 atH20 is eventually complete. 

Some metals are amphoteric. That is, they form simple cations (in acid solutions) and soluble oxyanions (in alkaline solution) only in the mid-pH range is a protective film stable. Since cathodic protection produces alkali at the structure s surface, it is important to restrict the polarisation, and thereby the amount of hydroxyl ion produced, in these cases. Thus both lead and aluminium will suffer cathodic corrosion under cathodic protection if the potential is made excessively electro negative. 

Los Alamos is processing a wide variety of residues, including Pu-Be neutron sources, polystyrene-Pu02-U02 blocks, incinerator ash, Pu-U alloys and oxides, Pu-Zr alloys and oxides, Pu-Np alloys and oxides, Pu-Th alloys and oxides, etc. Processes have been developed for these scrap items (see Figure 2), but we need to know more about Pu-Np separations Pu-Th separations oxalate precipitations for both plus 3 and plus 4 valences valence stabilization dissolution methods for high-fired impure oxides in-line alpha monitors to measure extremely low concentrations of Pu and Am in HNO3 solutions and solubility of various mixtures of Pu02 and UO2 under a variety of conditions. 

Dack, M. J. R. Ed. (1975). Solutions and Solubilities, Vol. VIII, in A. Weissberger Ed., Techniques of Chemistry. Wiley, New York. Detailed discussions of solution theory and the effects of solvents on processes. 

The enthalpies of solution and solubilities reviewed here provide much of the experimental information required in the derivation of single-ion hydration and solvation enthalpies, Gibbs free energies, and entropies for scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide 3+ cations. 

In garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis) a VNO-mediated stimulus can reinforce behavior dried earthworm wash or earthworm bits can be used to reward correct performance in a conditioned response to an arbitrary stimulus, such as dots versus stripes in a Y-maze (Halpern etal., 1985). In red-eared turtles the VNO is considered to involve aqueous chemoreception in water. Salt solutions and soluble vapor substances generated activity in the accessory olfactory bulb (Hatanaka and Hanada, 1987). 

Shinoda, K., "Principles oF Solution and Solubility", ITIarcel Dekker, New York, 1978 Chap. 4. 

Ihe terms solvent, solute, solution and solubility were introduced and defined. 

The concept of free-volume appeared to be very useful and was applied for the theoretical description of many processes in liquids, including polymeric solutions and melts. Taking the free-volume concept as a basis, theories were developed for the diffusion of low-molecular-weight compounds into polymers14,1S, thermal conductivity16, solution and solubility of polymers17, etc. 

X molecular (no conductivity moderate m.p.) Y network (very high m.p.—compare with Si02 s m.p. of about 1730°C no conductivity insolubility) Z ionic (conductivity in solution and solubility in water)... 

Dack, M.R.J., "Solutions and Solubilities Part II," John Wiley Sons New York, 1976. 

It is a white crystalline solid, slightly soluble in water, but soluble in acidic aqueous solutions and soluble in organic solvents, such as chloroform and diethyl ether. It is available in the illicit market as hydrochloride salt or free base (crack). Cocaine is usually mixed with other substances used as excipients. 

Lopez-Pelegrin JA, Janda KD, Solution- and soluble polymer-supported asymmetric synthesis of six-membered ring prostanoids, Chem. Ear. J., 6 1917-1922, 2000. 

---