Solute tempering

P. Liu, B. Kim, R. Friensner, B. Berne (2005) Replica exchange with solute tempering A method for sampling biological systems in explicit water. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, pp. 13749-13754... 

Replica exchange with solute tempering (REST),... 

Notably, metadynamics can also be combined with replica exchange techniques other than parallel tempering, for example, solute tempering. ... 

C. Camilloni, D. Provasi, G. Tiana, and R. Broglia, Proteins, 71(4), 1647-1654 (2007). Exploring the Protein G Helix Free-Energy Surface by Solute Tempering Metadynamics. 

The optimum precipitate is obtained by a more elaborate heal treatment the alloy is solution heat-treated (heated to dissolve the impurity), quenched (cooled fast to room temperature, usually by dropping it into oil or water) and finally tempered or aged for a controlled time and at a controlled temperature (to cause the precipitate to form). 

In water solutions containing hydrogen sulfide, austenitic steels fail by stress corrosion cracking when they are quenched and tempered to high strength and hardness (above about Rockwell C24). 

These steels resist oxidation scaling up to 825°C but are difficult to weld and, thus, are used mainly for items that do not involve welded joints [17]. They are thermally hardened and useful for items that require cutting edges and abrasion resistance in mildly corrosive situations. However, they should not be tempered in the temperature range of 450 to 650°C. This reduces the hardness and wear resistance and also lowers the corrosion resistance because of the depletion of chromium in solution through the formation of chromium carbides. 

Chemical reactions are sometimes conducted in a dilute solution to moderate reaction rates, to provide a heat sink for an exothermic reaction, or to limit maximum reaction temperature by tempering the reaction. In this example there are conflicting inherent safety goals—the solvent moderates the chemical reaction, but the dilute system will be significantly larger for a given production volume. Careful evaluation of all of the process risks is required to select the best overall system. 

Soluble salts of the soil Water in the soil should most properly be considered as the solvent for salts of the soil the result being the soil solution. In temperate climates and moderate rainfall areas, the soil solution is relatively dilute, with total dissolved salts ranging from 80 to 1 500 p.p.m. Regions of extensive rainfall show lower concentrations of soluble salts as the result of leaching action. Conversely, soils in arid regions are usually quite high in salts as these salts are carried to the surface layers of the soil by water movement due to surface evaporation. 

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