Solubilized oil

However, often the identities (aqueous, oleic, or microemulsion) of the layers can be deduced rehably by systematic changes of composition or temperature. Thus, without knowing the actual compositions for some amphiphile and oil of poiats T, Af, and B ia Figure 1, an experimentaUst might prepare a series of samples of constant amphiphile concentration and different oil—water ratios, then find that these samples formed the series (a) 1 phase, (b) 2 phases, (c) 3 phases, (d) 2 phases, (e) 1 phase as the oil—water ratio iacreased. As illustrated by Figure 1, it is likely that this sequence of samples constituted (a) a "water-continuous" microemulsion (of normal micelles with solubilized oil), (b) an upper-phase microemulsion ia equiUbrium with an excess aqueous phase, ( ) a middle-phase microemulsion with conjugate top and bottom phases, (d) a lower-phase microemulsion ia equiUbrium with excess oleic phase, and (e) an oA-continuous microemulsion (perhaps containing iaverted micelles with water cores). 

Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable mixtures. The interfacial tension is almost zero. The size of drops is very small, and this makes the microemulsions look clear. It has been suggested that microemulsion may consists of bicontinuous structures, which sounds more plausible in these four-component microemulsion systems. It has also been suggested that microemulsion may be compared to swollen micelles (i.e., if one solubilizes oil in micelles). In such isotropic mixtures, short-range order exists between droplets. As found from extensive experiments, not all mixtures of water-oil-surfactant-cosurfactant produce a microemulsion. This has led to studies that have attempted to predict the molecular relationship. 

This product is an aqueous solution of water-soluble vitamins with oily vitamin A palmitate and cholecalceferol solubilized in water using the surfactant system of Tween 80 and Cetomacrogol. This syrup is a solubilized oil surfactant system and is liable to heat and rate of mixing. The temperature of solution must not exceed 30°C at the time of final mixing. The final mixing must be in continuous manner without any interruption. For the preparation of oily phase, the container must be dry. 

The cleansing action of soap is partly due to the way soap lowers the surface tension of the water thereby helping it to penetrate into fabrics, and also to the ability of the micelles to solubilize oils and greases by taking them into their hydrocarbon regions. 

Winsor (17) describes how electrical conductivity varies during addition of an alcohol to an aqueous micellar solution containing some solubilized oil. Conductivity initially decreases as mixed (and probably larger) micelles containing both surfactant and alcohol are formed. When liquid crystal (presumably having a lamellar structure) starts to appear in equilibrium with the micellar solution, conductivity decreases even faster. As more alcohol is added, the aqueous solution disappears, only liquid crystal is present, and the conductivity reaches a minimum. Addition of still more alcohol results in the appearance of an oil-continuous micellar solution and an increase in conductivity. Eventually all liquid crystal disappears, the increase in conductivity ceases, and conductivity... 

Figure 1 shows changes in the system phase behavior as its HLB value is systematically adjusted. The left side of the diagram represents a two-phase system with micellar-solubilized oil in equilibrium with an excess oil phase (Winsor Type I) (Winsor 1954). The right side of the diagram represents a different two-phase system with reversed micellar-solubilized water. In-between these two systems a third phase coemerges which contains enriched surfactant with solubilized water and oil. This new thermodynamically stable phase is known as a Winsor Type HI middle phase microemulsion. 

Figure 7. Plots of hexadecane removal percentage as micellarly solubilized, middle phase microemulsified. and free phase against the number of flushed surfactant system pore volumes. Also plotted is the effluent concentration of micellarly solubilized oil.

Hardly any batch-type oilseed solvent extractors remain. Three of the more popular types currently manufactured include (1) shallow bed-type extractors, where a 0.5-1.5 m thick layer of collets or flakes is pulled across a linear screen and extracted by drenching with a countercurrent flowing miscella consisting of solvent and solubilized oil (Fig. 34.13) (2) diffusion belt type, where deeper beds of collets or flakes are conveyed on a woven mesh or folding-pan belt while drenched in countercur-... 

Is a very hydrophilic emulsifier used for preparing solubilized oils. It is also used as a viscosity modifier and as a softener or plasticizer in acrylic or vinyl resin emulsions,... 

Because the core of an aqueous micelle is extremely hydrophobic, it has the abiUty to solubilize oil within it, as well as to stabilize a dispersion. These solubilization and suspension properties of surfactants are the basis for the cleansing abiUty of soaps and other surfactants. Furthermore, the abiUty of surfactants to stabilize interfacial regions, particularly the air—water interface, is the basis for lathering, foaming, and sudsing. 

As an example of the latter we may consider the case of a micelle of a detergent. This micelle consists of as many as 100 molecules of the detergent oriented as shown in Fig. 7. The concentration of detergent is thus very high locally, and the whole of the detergent is in the form of an interface. These micelles, which form even at quite low concentrations, are able to solubilize oil within them, as shown in Fig. 8. The properties of these micelles and of the solubilized oil are determined by the same factors as for monolayers. 

As stated above, emulsions are essentially swollen micellar systems. The differences between a micelle, containing solubilized oil, and an emulsion, comprising an oil droplet surrounded by an interfacial layer composed largely of surfactant, are difficult to assess. The droplet sizes of the dispersed phase of an emulsion can be estimated approximately by its appearance as seen in Table 39.9. 

The previously discussed saturation-weighted approach is consistent with the current practice to select o in calculating Nc. The reason is that in a type II(-) system, only Omo exists and the saturation of the microemulsion/oil system is 1. In a type II(-i-) system, only Omw exists and the saturation of the microemul-sion/water system is 1. In a type III system, two IFTs, Omo and 0, exist and the solubilized oil volume and water volume are the same at the optimal salinity thus, the average o = + Omw). We propose that at any salinity the... 

We want to see how much acid content in the crude oil is converted into soap, which helps to solubilize oil and water. Figure 12.16 shows the converted fraction of acid into soap at different alkali concentrations. It shows that up to 15 wt.% sodium carbonate, less than half of the acid component, is converted into soap. In practice, alkaline concentration is less than 2%. Then... 

Nelson et al. used Monte Carlo techniques and were able to obtain the equilibrium shape of micelles with various amounts of solubilized oil. However, their surfactant and oil molecules had fewer segments than those in the work just described. 

Factors such as micellar concentration, micelle size, chain lengths, film area, electrolyte concentration, temperature, presence of solubilized oil on the micellar film structuring, and thus foam stability are highlighted. 

Effect of Solubilized Oil. Figure 21 shows the interferogram of a foam film formed from the nonionic Enordet AE1215-30 (ethoxylated... 

Oil Configurations in Foams. In the presence of oil, the mechanisms of foam stability are more complex than without oil. Solubilized oil decreases the stability by accelerating the stepwise foam film thinning, as shown in the previous section. The effect of emulsified oil on foams is closely connected with the configuration of oil relative to the aqueous and gas phases. This configuration can be, in most cases, one of the following (Figure 22) ... 

In the presence of micelles, solubilization of oil into the micelles of the solution takes place. The stability of aqueous pseudoemulsion film will be lower (faster film-thinning) in the presence of solubilized oil, similar to that shown in the stability of foam films, because oil solubilization... 

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